A Household’s Decision on Child Labor

Respitory systek This dissertation seeks to understand the chemical mechanism of a households determination on kid jade and directional coronation by proposing a hypothetic framework, examining the semi confirmable ensnare, and providing polity military rank and recommendations. In the supposed framework, it addresses the factors related to the rearingal enthronisation and kidskin tire out much(prenominal) as liveness to a lower place the subsistence train of wasting disease (p everyplacety), the opportunity salute of education (the claws w eld), and the degenerate to education.The start chapter focuses on the households educational investment finality over the life cycle and addresses the printing of experience order on the educational acquirement and babe repel run under binding calculate and identification constraints. The a posteriori raise from Tanzania suggests at that place argon delays in schooling for the latter-born youngsterren and s chool dropout for the earlier-born children. In the secondment chapter, it by trial and error estimates the intentness offer for children in the family call forth in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that indigence is the of import wooing of child take. The 3rd chapter focuses on the military rating of specific policies designed to encour shape up the educational investment for girls the simplification of schooling and the supplying of a payment in Bangladesh. This program is intended to boost the effeminate education by grievous the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on stainless days of schooling, age of marriage, and wear result participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households finis on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing form _or_ system of government military rank and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as backup at a lower place the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational acquisition and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests on that point are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main start out of child labor. The triad chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the decline of guardianship and the cookery of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by dour the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on finish years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the me chanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, su ggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years o f schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.A Households ending on Child LaborThis dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born chi ldren. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to pr omote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational in vestment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a households decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the childs wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the households educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on t he educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are delays in schooling for the latter-born children and school dropout for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.

Environmental Impact of Textile Production – Handloom Production Is the Answer

D. Narasimha Reddy 1/11 Environmental concussion of Mechanised and Automated material Production foundation garment The contri scarcelyion of mechanised and automated manufacturing to various environmental impacts is enormous. Environmental impacts from manufacturing industries faeces be seen such argonas as harmful chemicals, beetle off, expertness, and carbon emissions. Manufacturing in developed countries is in addition a heavy use of goods and servicesr of weewee, and in that location find been umteen cases of air, body of body of water and soil contamination which shoot led to such actions as cleanups, class actions suits and a variety of new(prenominal) corporate liabilities.Environmental impact crapper be seen in alone phases of substantive labor and use, from ontogeny or making parts to discarding a product later on its useful life has ended. The visible environment is light uponed by these bear up stars, including re get-go depletion, polluti on and energy use the biological environment, by considering what happens as a result of manufacture, and the social environment as it impinges on our psychological, physical and physiological comfort, as sound as our financial well-being.In recent years, material attention in developed countries has been facing laborious problems, the roughly serious of which ar those connected with pollution. In fact, governments stool been bringing up environmental laws which purely prohibit wastewater discharge in rivers and lakes. This situation indeed burdens the cloth industries and also leads to increase in production cost. Textile Industry and Process Description The textile industry includes multiple goes and activities.The four study textile ope symmetryns be Yarn Formation preparing and spinning mad materials ( native and synthetic substance) texturizing man-made filament fibers. stuff Formation warping and slashing narrative performing weaving and knitting tradin g operations. Wet Processing preparing the material for colouring and cultivation dyeing, printing, and destination operations. Product Fabrication cutting and sewing the framework, performing final finishing operations. In the yarn system process, fibers argon bound using spinning operations, grouping, and twisting.Staple fibers, natural and man-made, are prepared for spinning through a combination of various touch stairs such as blending, d stark(a)ing, carding, opening, combing, and roving. Following drying operations, yarn may then be woven into framework. From the spun or filament yarn, fabric is create by knitting or weaving operations. Yarn e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 2/11 foundation be processed directly through knitting operations but typically requires preparation for weaving operations. eagerness for weaving includes warping and slashing (sizing).Wet touch on enhances appearance, durability, and serviceability of the fabric. Chemical Pollution Textile production connotes a number of wet processes that may use resolutenesss. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of importly arise from textiles finishing, drying processes, and solvent use. VOC concentrations vary from 10 milligrams of carbon per cubic meter (mg/m3) for the thermosol process to 350 mg carbon/m3 for drying and condensation process. bobble water from processes is a major source of pollutants.It is typically alkaline and has high BOD5 (700 to 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) and chemical group O demand (COD) ( somewhat 2 to 5 times the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) level), solids, oil and possibly toxic organics, including phenols (from dyeing and finishing) and halogenated organics (from processes such as bleaching). sully effluents are frequently highly colored and may hold off heavy metals such as copper and chromium. Pesticides use on natural fibers are transferred to effluents during wash drawing and bush operations.Pesticid es are also used for moth proofing, brominated flame retardants for synthetic fabrics, and isocyanates for lamination. Effluents might include pesticides (such as DDT and PCP), and metals (such as mercury, arsenic, and copper). Air emissions include dust, oil mists, acid vapors, odors, and boiler exhausts. Cleaning and production changes result in sludges from tanks and worn-out(a) process chemicals, which may contain toxic organics and metals. tabular array 1 Chemicals and Chemical Categories Commonly Encountered in Textile Manufacturing Process Chemicals and Chemical Categories color/Printing Ethylene ethyl radicalene glycol, ertain glycol ethers, methanol, copper compounds, chromium compounds Desizing Certain glycol ethers Sizing Methanol Scouring Biphenyl, xylene, certain glycol ethers Chemical Finishing Certain glycol ethers, methyl radical ethyl ketone, formaldehyde Coating Operations Dichloromethane, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene Article/Formulation atomic numb er 24 compounds, copper compounds, methanol, Components antimony compounds Manufacturing/Processing Ethylene glycol, methanol, phenol, toluene, xylene, Aids biphenyl Reactants Diisocyanates, formaldehyde, methanol, phenol kickoff Emergency Planning and lodge Right- To-Know Act Section 313 Reporting Guidance for the Textile Processing Industry, US Environmental Protection Agency, May, 2000 Chemicals are used for the removal of impurities from the fiber and for machine maintenance. Man-made filament fibers may be manufactured using chemicals. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 3/11 Processing of these fibers, known as texturizing, foundation result in the removal and subsequent release and other waste management activities of chemicals from the fiber.Oils, lubricants, machine maintenance chemicals, and waste yarn and material are also released. Chemical sizing agents are added to the yarn by solution or deck/dry techniques and other chemical additives may be add ed to increase yarn softness and pliability. Chemicals are also used during fabric formation as fabric processing agents and equipment killing and maintenance chemicals. Fabric processing agents include sizing agents and performance enhancing chemicals such as certain glycol ethers, ethylene glycol, and methanol. These chemicals typically volatilize or are washed off during fabric formation. However, some may remain with the fabric throughout the fabric formation process and into the wet processing and finishing operations.Both fugitive and point source air emissions containing chemicals typically occur during the slashing (sizing) operation or during fabric drying operations. This includes chemicals used as sizing agents or performance enhancing chemicals. Dust air emissions may also be generated during fabric formation. Effluents are generated from fabric cleaning and slashing operations used oil, lubricants, and other machine maintenance chemicals and equipment cleaning operati ons. Solid waste is also released from fabric formation. The primary source of solid waste is excess fabric material and cast out that may contain chemicals non volatilized or removed during fabric formation or chemicals brought on-the-scene(prenominal) with the raw material (e. g. , antimony oxide used as a fire resistant).Dust containing chemicals is also generated during knitting or weaving operations, which when collected by air pollution control devices or by news report sweepings is a solid solid waste. During slashing operations, residue left in sizing agent or other chemical agent containers may be a source of chemicals. Fugitive emissions are intimately likely to result from slashing and drying operations when chemicals, such as methanol, evaporate. In wet processing, chemical agents, such as dyes, pigments, strength agents, and flame resistors are applied through a water-intensive process. celluloid materials may be desized and scoured prior to dyeing or printing. A fter preparation for wet processing, dyeing or printing can occur, followed by rinsing, drying, or heat setting. Printing operations typically do not use water.The final wet processing step is mechanical and chemical finishing these operations are used to improve appearance, texture, and performance of the fabric. discolor application includes various dye types and methods. Dyes can be fixed to the textile chemically and/or physically. Dyes may be bonded to the fabric or precipitated by removal of a dye solubilizing agent. Color can be affixed through the use of pigments, solvents, and resin binders. For the textile industry, wet processing operations are significant sources of chemical release. Typical chemicals include ammonia, certain glycol ethers, and methyl ethyl ketone. Alkaline or solvent solutions are used during scouring.Solvents, although used in the past, are being replaced with sedimentary chemicals. Bleaching agents and other chemical e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 4/11 additives are used during bleaching operations, however, these are usually not chemicals. Acids are used for neutralizing remaining caustic soda during mercerizing operations. During dyeing or printing operations, chemicals such as solubilizing agents, dye carriers, salts, and fixing agents may be employed to speed the process or enhance the process effects. Chemicals used during finishing operations include optical brighteners, softeners, and flame resistant chemicals. Effluents are generated from spent process baths, solutions, and rinses.Process effluents include spent sizing solutions, scouring and dyeing baths, cleaning rinses, dyeing rinses, textile cleaning water, and mercerizing operations. Chemicals in textile effluents include dyes, pigments, and salts. Salts present in process effluents may be either raw materials (e. g. , metal compound salts) or byproducts from neutralization or other chemical reactions (e. g. , nitrate compounds). Metal compou nds such as copper compounds and chromium compounds are also commonly present. Other sources include equipment cleaning wastewater, container cleaning wastewater, and used lubricants and other machine operating aids. Cleaning solvents may become part of the wastewater after scouring operations and equipment cleaning.The US EPA has estimated that there are approximately 135 major source facilities, in US, in the printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles source category. The principal hazardous air pollutants emitted by these sources include toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methanol, xylenes, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, n- hexane, glycol ethers (ethylene glycol), and formaldehyde. Exposure to these substances has been demonstrated to cause adverse health effects such as irritation of the eye, lung, and mucous membranes, effects on the central nervous system, and misuse to the liver. The EPA has classify two of the hazard ous air pollutants, methylene chloride and trichloroethylene, as probable or possible human carcinogens.Dyeing The art of textile dyeing dates back thousands of years, when dyes extracted from plants or sea snails were used to color cloth. Today, most dyes are synthetically manufactured, yet only 40-90% actually resides on the cloth. The residual dye is treated and discharged into our rivers and streams. military personnel wide, it is estimated that this accounts for over 400,000 heaps of dye per year. Colorfastness is a textile industry standard that determines how stable the color is in a garment. Good colorfastness means the garment wont fade after one washing. rosin pretreatment is done for garments that require excellent colorfastness. Cationic fixatives could be used for outerwear garments where colorfastness to washing is moderate but colorfastness to dry cleaning is high.Poor nuance repeats are a major cause of economic detriment and pollution in dyeing operations. An a verage dye worker makes 300 weighings per day. Sources of delusion are many, e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 5/11 including sorption of moisture from the atmosphere which way amout to up to a maximum of 20% error in dye weight. Other factors such as water quality, fiber variations, and the like also go to reworks and off quality. There necessarily to be a balance between better productivity in dyeing, and the need to minimize water, energy, and effluent discharge in the textile industry. There is a need to mystify usage of dyes in improving shades on textiles while optimizing water, dye and energy utilization.Under most circumstances, a miscellanea of dyes is utilised to action the desired shade. This means that a small number of dyes can be used to achieve an infinite number of colours, but also means that achieving the exact shade desired requires some skill and can often entail redyeing with a shading addition to condemn the shade. In extreme cases, th e cloth can be stripped of colour and completely redyed, but this is an environmental and commercial last resort. One of the root causes of problems in achieving the necessitate shade is that if dyes in a mixture turn in different dyeing profiles the shade and depth of dyeing may change with time and the quantify of the dyeing process is therefore crucial.Thus, the difficulty associated with reliable attainment of shade and depth provides a concealed cost in production through reduced capacity and proportionately increases the environmental impact of excited dyeing through the extra water, chemicals, energy and time needed to make a shading addition. Dyes and addendum chemicals used in textile mills are developed to be resistant to environmental influences. As a result, they are hard to remove from wastewater generated during the dyeing processes. In India, the detrimental nature of the synthetic dye industry has been recognised. The Central Pollution Control Board of India ha s included it in its hyper-red category silent for the seventeen most polluting industries in the country. The true costs of synthetic dye production and application have never, to our knowledge, been assessed. According to the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, an estimated 80. 70 million litres of effluent water is discharged workaday into the Noyyal River from dyeing and bleaching units in Tirupur. 2 peeing Consumption Water is used extensively throughout textile processing operations. Textile operations vary greatly in water aspiration. Water use can vary widely between similar operations as well. Almost all dyes, specialty chemicals, and finishing chemicals are applied to textile substrates from water baths. In addition, most fabric preparation steps, including desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing, use sedimentary systems. The amount of http//www. undp. org. in/Programme/Environment/natdye/dyejust. tm Zero Discharge Treatment Options for Textile Dye Effluent A C ase Study at Manickapurampudur Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, S. Eswaramoorthi, K. Dhanapal1 and J. Karpagam epic poem in India, No. 33, Anugraha Gardens, Central Studio Road, Trichy Main Road, Singanallur, Coimbatore-641005, India, 2004. 2 1 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 6/11 water used varies widely in the industry, depending on specific processes operated at the mill, equipment used, and prevailing management doctrine concerning water use. The various stages of textile production (from spinning, weaving and knitting, to dyeing and finishing) require enormous energy and water use. For example, 26. 5 gallons of water are needed to process 2. 2 pounds of textiles. Reducing water consumption in textile processing is important, due in part because excess water use dilutes pollutants and adds to the effluent load. Table 2 Water design in Textile Processing Processing Water Use Water Use Subcategory Minimum, Median, gal/lb gal/lb of produc tion of production Wool 13. 3 34. 1 Woven 0. 6 13. 6 Knit 2. 4 10. 0 Carpet 1. 0 5. 6 pains/Yarn 0. 4 12. 0 Nonwoven 0. 3 4. 8 Felted Fabrics 4. 0 25. 5 Water Use Maximum, gal/ lb of production 78. 9 60. 9 45. 2 19. 5 66. 9 9. 9 111. 8 Different types of processing machinery use different amounts of water, particularly in relation to the bath ratio in dyeing processes (the ratio of the mass of water in an exhaust dyebath to the mass of fabric). wash fabric consumes greater quantities of water than dyeing.Water consumption of a batch processing machine depends on its bath ratio and also on mechanical factors such as agitation, mixing, bath and fabric turnover rate (called contact), agitation and other mechanical considerations, as well as physical flow characteristics involved in washing operations. These factors all affect washing efficiency. In general, heating, wash, and dyebaths constitute the major portion of energy consumed in dyeing. Washing and rinsing operations are two o f the most common operations in textile manufacturing that involve significant water consumption. Many processes involve washing and rinsing stages. To grow the fiber for one cotton diaper requires 105. 3 gallons of water, one T-shirt needs 256. 6 gallons of water, one bath towel needs 401. 4 gallons of water, a mans dress shirt requires 414. 5 gallons of water, and 987 gallons of water are required for one copulate of jeans. An average integrated textile mill produces 15 tons of finished cloth per day. It uses a impart of approximately 3,840 cubic meters of water per day, including 1,680 cubic meters for finishing and processing, another 960 cubic meters for steam generation, and an 3 Source Sustainable Planet Solutions for the 21st Century, Cleaning the Closet Toward a New Fashion Ethic, Juliet Schor, November 2002 http//www2. bc. edu 4 atomic number 20 Cotton Ginners and Growers Associations, Cotton Facts, http//www. ccgga. org e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha R eddy 7/11 equivalent volume for serving the workers colony and other domestic uses of water.The water used for finishing and processing results in contaminated liquid effluent of approximately 1,500 cubic meters per day. 5 In Tirupur, annually the textile industries alone utilize around 28. 8 one million million litres of ground water. 6 An estimated 70 pct of textile effluents and 20 percent of dyestuffs are still dumped into water supplies by global factories. Energy Consumption Textile manufacturers use energy as a raw material input to the manufacturing process or for some other purpose usually referred to as non-fuel use. electrical energy consumption is increasing in textile mills. Textile manufacturers have to deal with rising energy hand over costs. Dow Chemical Co. nd DuPont both recently announced theyre raising prices on nearly everything they sell, from chemicals used in bathroom cleaners to freezer bags and kitchen counter acmes, because of high raw materials costs. Testifying out front Congress in October, 2005, Dow chief operating officer Andrew Liveris verbalise high prices for natural gas that Dow and other companies use for both fuel and raw materials have rendered the entire U. S. chemical industry uncompetitive. We simply cannot compete with the rest of the world at these prices, Liveris said, adding that Dow is teddy some work overseas. It undermines all U. S. manufacturing, because we supply all of U. S. manufacturing. Raw materials and energy account for 50 percent of Dows costs today, Liveris said.Energy costs were also a factor in layoffs at a Hanes Dye and Finishing plant in WinstonSalem and a Klaussner Furniture plant in Robbins, in Moore County in US. mainland China was the big reason, but energy costs make it difficult to compete in the global market, said Mike Vaughan, vice president of operations and general manager for Hanes. Vaughan said the company uses a significant amount of natural gas to operate the machinery at its facilities. In the past iii years, he said, the costs have tripled. 7 In Indian textile industry, energy accounts for an estimated 12%-15% of total cost of production. It was estimated that the energy saving potential is as high as 23%. 8 The TextilesCommittee has taken up a programme to help processing units in Tirupur reduce their energy costs. Committee sources told The Hindu9 that three humble dyeing units, that were members of the Mannarai Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), had been selected for this purpose. The project has three phases. This project Pakistan Environmental Impact of Cotton Production and Trade, Tariq Banuri, Copyright 1999 International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada 6 Ibid 2 7 http//www. newsobserver. com/102/ drool/374287. html, 16th March, 2006 8 http//www. renewingindia. org 9 The Hindu, 22nd January, 2004 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com 5 D.Narasimha Reddy 8/11 was taken up in association with the School of Energy of the PSG Coll ege of Technology, Coimbatore, under the cluster development programme of the committee. Sources explained that power, steam and water consumed by these units for processing one kg of fabric were estimated. During the first phase, energy auditing had been carried out in the three units. The energy consumption and the actual requirement were estimated in each of the participating units. Under the second phase, the areas that required corrective action were identified. Measures that had to be taken by the units and the cost implications were also recommended to them.Growth in sentimental fibre over natural fibre Fibres are transformed into yarn through spinning for natural and blended yarns or drawing and texturising for synthetic filament yarn production. Yarn is weaved into cloth. The process of fabric formation or weaving comprises preparatory activities followed by actual weaving on the loom. The preparatory process includes winding, warping, sizing, drawing-in and denting. The s heets of yarn thus prepared are then converted into fabric on the looms. This weaved cloth or fabric is stitched into garments or sold in other forms of finished textiles. These stages of manufacture have various levels of mechanization possible as an improvement from the basic process.Textile fibres are predominantly of two types natural and manmade (see act Basic Threads). Based on the source, natural fibres, in turn, can be those derived from animals, vegetables or minerals. On the other hand, manmade fibres are produced in the fibre form by application of mainly chemical processes on the naturally occurring substances (like hydrocarbons). The textile industry uses vegetable fibers such as cotton, animal fibers such as woolen and silk, and a wide range of synthetic materials such as nylon, polyester, and acrylics. The production of natural fibers is approximately mate in amount to the production of synthetic fibers.Polyester accounts for about 50% of synthetics. Manmade fib res fall in two categories synthetics and cellulosics. Synthetic fibres are primarily made from petrochemicals whereas cellulosics are mainly regenerated wood pulp with chemical and physical treating. These fibres can be either long, highly strong yarn called filament yarn (which is oriented and fully bony and is straight) or in staple form (much smaller in length and crimpy like natural fibres). fibril yarns are woven or knitted as they are. They are also woven into fabrics of textured yarn by combining with other types of filament yarns, twisting yarns and texturing in accordance with the engage of the product.The filament yarns are processed into circular, triangular, oval, hollow and other cross-sections that have even better properties. The staple fibres can be considerably blended with other types of fibres. They are woven into fabrics by blending with cotton, wool and linen fibres to suit the aim of the product. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 9/11 T he principal manmade fibres include polyester, nylon, acrylic and viscose. Chemically, polyester (or many esters) is primarily a family of polymers wherein the monomers blend to the category esters. The most commonly used polyester is the polymer of diglycol terephthalate and is called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Nylon is a group of polymers, which can be categorize as polyamides.Today several types of nylon are produced with properties tuned to meet customer specifications. The most commonly used ones are nylon-6 (which is manufactured from caprolactam) and nylon66 (made from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine). The special characteristics of manmade fibres combined with availability and cost factors have seen an enormous increase in their use in the global textile industry. Fibres consumption (and consumption of related goods) has been growing at an astonishing rate. Consumption per capita of fibres has been growing steadily passing from 3. 7 kilos in 1950 to 9 kilos i n 2002. The growth of manmade fibres in the textile industry has been phenomenal.Production of artificial fibres outnumbers natural fibres since the beginning of the 1990s. In 2002, natural fibres production was at 22. 5 million tons against 33. 6 for man made fibres. Table 3 World fibre production/Consumption per capita10 Year Natural Manmade TOTAL Population Consumption * 000 billion** kg / capita tons 2002 22. 463 33. 657 56. 120 6,23 9,0 2000 21. 504 31. 147 52. 651 6,08 8,7 1990 21. 460 19. 380 40. 840 5,28 7,7 1980 15. 227 14. 301 29. 528 4,46 6,6 1970 13. 484 8. 394 21. 878 3,71 5,9 1960 11. 607 3. 367 14. 974 3,04 4,9 1950 7. 723 1. 681 9. 404 2,56 3,7 * Ramie, flax, hemp, jute, sisal and coir (fibre prepared from the husk of the coconut) not included. * World population Comparing the domestic consumption patterns of fibres in India and China, two of the largest textile players on the global market, the imbalance is evident. In India, the textile industry covers a wide range of economic activities and has a significant role in the economy of the country. In 2003, it was growing at the annual rate of 5%. In the meanwhile, the per capita consumption of textile fibre in India is one of the lowest (2. 5 kg) in the world. In China, the consumption of textiles is booming. Synthetic fibre yarns are in the top fifty import commodities. In 2003 China imported 710,000 tons of cotton yarn and almost all Source 2003/feb/25bud20. htm 10 www. indo-rama. net/FiberYear2002. pdf www. rediff. com/money/ e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 10/11 luxury yarns and fibres are imported. During the said(prenominal) year, Chinas quantity per capita of processed chemical fibre reached 10 kg, much higher than the worlds average. Chinas textile sector is predicted to achieve a 6. 0% growth to take its total fibre consumption to 14. 0 million tonnes by 2005 and its per capita fibre consumption from the 2001 level of 6. 0 kg to 8. 0 kg. In India, as yet there is n o effort to quantify the overall environment impact of wet processing of man-made fibers, in particular with respect to chemical components, processing formulations and the effluent produced from the process.It is known that pretreatment of cellulosic textiles is characterized by high consumption of chemicals, water, and energy along with great discharge of waster water. This is mainly due to carrying out pretreatment operations on separate steps with repeated washing operations after each step. Conclusion Clothes and other textiles can affect the environment to varying degrees throughout their life cycles. Before textiles reach the consumer, they have gone through many different chemical processes. They may be treated with chemicals to dye them, make them more hardwearing or wrinkle-resistant, or less flammable. Some of these chemicals are carcinogenic or may cause harm to children even in advance birth.Others may trigger allergic reactions in some people. Some flame retardants t hat are used in certain textiles contain organic bromine compounds that are persistent (break drink down very slowly in the environment). The use of some dangerous chemicals in textiles is restricted such as azo dyes and formaldehyde. any textiles processes have an impact on the environment. The industry uses large amounts of natural resources such as water, while many operations use chemicals and solvents. All companies use energy, produce solid waste, discharge effluent and emit dust, fumes, etc to the atmosphere. Many textiles companies are located in rural areas where environmental protection assumes significance.While companies in developed countries are go about with increasingly stringent legislative controls and rising water and other raw material costs, their competitors in evolution countries are getting away by externalising the environmental costs. Efficient and effective use of raw materials and improved process operations are vital for Western companies to remain c ompetitive. Pressure is also being exerted by suppliers and customers on such companies to reduce their environmental impact. Environmental aspects in the textile industry are typically addressed at the corporate level, and the environmental costs are viewed as corporate overhead, but in general not discussed at the national level.A more efficient compliance with proper environmental guidelines is required for significant cost reduction on environment. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 11/11 Environmental issues can no longer be ignored by the textiles industry and the government. Indian textile industry should clear up that to remain competitive operating costs have to be reduced and environmental compliance has to be increased. Government should also integrate environmental goals into the national textile policy, and cannot have independent growth strategies, as environmental costs are proving to be a drag on growth and development. The textile industry in Tiru pur was expected to grow to achieve the targetted textile product export of US$ 50 zillion by the year 2010.But, such growth is now greatly hampered due to immense environmental damage caused to the Noyyal river, ground water system, and agricultural production, by the textile wet processing industries in Tirupur. 11 All these factors mean that environmental issues should be an essential part of textile growth policies. For Indian textile sector, the main drivers for environmentally benign growth can be Growth of handloom sector Competition Pressure exerted down the supply chain by the consumer Reducing production costs Meeting current and anticipated legislative requirements Concern for the global and local environment In India, a comprehensive approach has not been undertaken before on environmental impacts of textile manufacturing and has never previously been associated with textile production and use.A comprehensive psychoanalysis of the environmental impact of textile manufacturing activity should be done, which includes an analysis of the degradation by air pollution, wind, water and other agents. A complete survey of how developments in the textile industry and consumers of its products have affected the environment in the past needs to be taken up. This should also cover the most recent solutions pick out by the industry to alleviate the problems. This is important given the high textile production targets post 2005, and the ways in which the industry is responding to the environmental challenge. It will help the national textile policy and the growth of textile industry as well. 11 Ibid 2 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com

Linkage Between Capital Market Development and Economic Growth Essay

The great grocery is an integral part of the fiscal system that provides efficient delivery mechanism for mobilization and allocation, management and distri preciselyion of long-run fund (Sunday O. E. Ewah and Judey Bassey). The seat of government food merchandise place place is a marketplace for long-term debt and fairness securities, where business enterprise and government can drum fund for long-term enthronisations. It is normally divided into two broad categories the stock market and the bond market (Central Bank of Lesotho Economic Review 2009). According to Tokunbo S.Osinubi (2000), the stock market is reported to perform some functions which kick upstairs the growth and tuition of an economy.It plays a pivotal role in mobilizing idle fund from surplus scotch unit and convey such(prenominal) fund into deficit unit for investment in long-term purpose. The supplier of funds argon basically individuals and corporate bodies who subscribe to roof market instrume nt as a way of adding value to their unused financial resources while the deficit unit i. e. the end users of the fund ar government and corporate bodies as individual cannot approach the dandy market for fund.Equally, the big(p) market provides prototype source for corporate bodies and government to pool monies from people and corporate bodies to finance capital intensive project which its internal purse cannot cope with. Akingboungbe (1996) opined that the importance of the capital lies in its financial intermediation capacity to relate the laggard sector of the economy with the active sector. According to him, the absence of such capacity robs the economy of investment and production of goods and services for societal advancement.Capital market in any nation exists to provide long-term funds for government and corporate bodies for learning purpose. It deals with long-term financial instruments which include equities or stocks, debentures, government bonds and derivatives deal future options. In the capital market, the stock in trade is money which is often viewed as the lubricating substance of the economy and which can be raised through and through various instruments such as right issues, debt instrument, honor offering as well as through the stock exchange.This is a pointer to the fact that the capital market provides the wherewithal with which the goal of scotch growth can be actualized, and equally held the key to sparing successfulness of any nation. A virile capital market is capable of assisting a nation to muster financial resources and skills for rapid growth and victimization. The capital market is viewed as engine of growth in or so countries. existential research by CBL Economic Review 2009 indicated that the capital market connects fiscal sectors with the real sector and wherefore facilitates growth in the real sector and economic knowledge.The CBL economic review adduced the following as the profound channels through whic h capital market is connected to economic growth First, capital markets increase the equaliser of long-term savings (pension, funeral savings) that is channeled to long-term investment. Capital market enables contractual savings industry to mobilize long-term savings from small individual households and channel them into long-term investment. It fulfils the transfer of current purchasing power, in monetary forms from surplus sector to deficit sectors, in exchange for reimbursing a great purchasing power in future.In this way, the capital market enables corporations to raise funds to finance their investments in real estate. The implication get out be an increase in aggregate consumption and hence growth and schooling. Second, capital market similarly provides equity capital and infrastructure development capital that has strong socio-economic benefit through development of roads, housing, energy, telecommunication, etc. These projects are ideal for financing through capital mar ket via long-term bonds and asset backed securities.Moreover, capital market promotes public-private partnership to encourage private sector participation in productive investment. The need to fight economic growth from public to private sector has become inevitable as resources continue to derogate . It assists the public sector to close the resource gap, and complement its effort in financing socio-economic development through raising long-term project based capital. It also attracts foreign portfolio investors who are critical in supplementing the house servant savings levels.It facilitates inflow of foreign exchange into the domestic economy. Furthermore, the CBL Economic review 2009 equally asserted that countries with highly-developed capital market have higher economic growth than countries without. An instance cited to justify this position is mho Africa, the country with the largest and most developed capital market in Africa in terms of market capitalization which is experiencing faster growth compared to other countries with less-developed capital market.In Nigeria, the capital market seems not to have contributed so robustly to economic growth as the empirical research of the CBL Economic review and the predict of endogenic growth model which envisage positive correlation between the development of the capital market and economic growth both suggested. The capital market in Nigeria started rolling in 1960 when the Nigeria subscriber line Exchange was opened. It metamorphosed from the Lagos Stock Exchange which had been created in 1959 based on the recommendation of the Barback Committee set up by the thusly federal government.However, the Nigeria capital market has enjoyed a decade of unprecedented growth in the past pentad years. Going by the annual report of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) the total market capitalization has change magnitude by over 90%though, this feat was short lived by the decline of 45. 8% in market capitalization r ecorded in 2008. According to the NSE, the impressive public presentation of the capital market can be attributed to some reasons First, the bank consolidation exercise which introduced a minimum capital requirement for banks stimulated the performance of the capital market as it has encouraged most banks to choose the stock market.Equally, the privatization policy has also importantly impacted on the performance of the capital market. Even though with this scenario, the Nigeria capital market is yet to obligate pace with the trend across the globe. According to Sule Ndanusa the Director General of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Nigeria capital market is understood a small market by international standard as its equity listing and market capitalization stood at 196 and $7billion one by one.This size of the Nigeria capital market is affected by the continuous depreciation of the naira. era the global trend dictates that the market capitalization of the capital marke t should be nearer the GDP or be above it, the market capitalization of the Nigeria capital market hovered around 60% and 39% respectively for 2007 and 2008 (NSE yearly report2009) respectively compared to that of South Africa which stood at 239%. Thus, a lot still need to be through to make the Nigeria capital market the engine of growth for the Nigeria economy.Given the scenario in the Nigeria capital market, the point of spill of this study is to examine the linkage between capital market development and economic growth with a view to explore the channels through which the capital market in Nigeria can be do engine of growth while addressing problem inherent in its operation. In the word of Adebiyi (2005), capital market in developing countries often suffer from classical defect such as illiquidity, lack of equity capital, bank dominated economies and lack of investors confidence in the capital market.The situation in the Nigeria capital market is not different as the pre rife problem revolves around low market capitalization as well as illiquidity as most research works have revealed (e. g. Emenuga 2004, Judey Bassey and Sunday E. Ewah). This is twin with the more serious obstacle of non-strengthening of the channels of transmission from financial development to economic growth such as financial depth(ratio of financial asset to national income), advanced financial structure(moving from bank and non-bank ntermediaries to stock market ), size as well as the efficiency of the financial system .The description of the Nigeria capital market as a small market by international standard as well the dominant roles which banks still play in the financial system at the expense of other financial intermediaries lends confidence to this viewpoint. Several recent overviews of the link between financial market development and economic growth keep going positive correlation between financial market development and economic growth.But, in Nigeria evidences to this ef fect are weak, inconclusive and non-definitive. For instance, Sunday O. E. Ewah and Jude Bassey (2004) concluded that capital market has growth inducing potential but it has not contributed to economic growth owing to such problems such as low market capitalization and illiquidity. In similar vein, efforts were equally made by Nyong (1997) to develop an aggregate index of capital market development and use it to determine its relationship with long-term growth in Nigeria. The study employed a cartridge holder series data between 1970 and 1974.The result of the study reveals that capital market is negatively and significantly check with long-run growth in Nigeria. The result also showed that there exist bi-directional causality between capital market development and economic growth. However, Levine and Zervos (1996) established positive relationship between the measure of stock market development and long-run growth rates. Ariyo and Adelegan (2005) contended that the liberalization of capital market contributes to the growth of the Nigeria capital market but its impact at the macro-economy is negligible.That is, the question of the channels through which capital market development correlate with economic growth has not been given detailed attention in empirics belles-lettres in Nigeria as most available empirical analysis in this direction are cross-country study and more so, are conducted for Asian and European economy. Such works include Jose De Gregorio et al (2003) Dipendra Sinha et al Saray Joy et al (2002) .A more potent proof of the scanty of evidence on the channel of transmission from financial development and economic growth can be found in the word of Valpy FitzGerald (2006) who stated that financial development and economic growth are clearly related and this relationship has occupied the mind of economists from Smith to Schumpeter, although the channels and direction of this relationship has remained unresolved in both theory and empirics litera ture. Thus, the absence of empirical analysis in this direction has left a serious gap that needed to be filled with a research enquiry.Following the foregoing from the few empirical evidences sighted above which reveal inadequacy and lack of sympathy among analysts about the sine-qua-non role of capital market in economic growth coupled with scanty of literature on channels of transmission from financial development to growth and the pervasive problem of decline in market capitalization and illiquidity which characterize the Nigeria capital market as reflected in Nigeria Stock Exchange Annual report(2009), it becomes important to turn the searchlight on the capital market and every other thing that accompany or propel it with a view to empirically examine how linkage between capital market development and economic growth as well as the channels of transmission from capital market development to growth can be pursued to bring the dream of economic growth to fruition.

Study of diary products supply chain with its various components and Essay

Study of diary products supply chain with its various components and aspects - Essay ExampleWe ensure that the amount of ample is reduced and this fat which has been removed is used in the making of products such as butter and cream, all these being the ingredients bring in tall mallow, which will be our primary focus in this paper. Good manufacturing practices such as hygiene, pure tone assurance and marketing are critical (Andreas & Carl, 2011). Production requirements Cheese storage area capacity is predominantly determined by the target cheese types which are intended through put plans. The equipment which will be necessary for cheese making depends on the type of cheese being produced and facilities which are specifically designed are required, and advice/factory design should be sought. According to the nature and complexity of making cheese, which usually requires precision if one is considering going into cheese making, proper training is a basic requirement. The key a reas for consideration in the manufacturing of cheese are pasteurization process of draw, quality control, hygiene and finally marketing and distribution (Andrew, Dan, & Tom, 2006). level-headed requirements in that respect are stringent hygiene regulations to be adhered to since safety is an important consideration in the cheese business as is in any other regimen business. ... Cheese is a complex food comprising of only a few simple ingredients. There are thousands of varieties of cheese around the world genuine by cheese makers, each with a unique taste, texture and nutritional profile. Absolutely, no cheese is sympathetic and we have a large number of standards, due to the existing ways in adjusting the basic pattern of products such as mozzarella, Brie, blue, Swiss, Cheddar and many more(prenominal). There are two basic types of cheese which we cover up with and they are Natural cheese which comprises of about four ingredients which are basic and they include salt and milk among others. The cheese nutrients such as calcium, protein and phosphorus are due to the milk being the main ingredient. table salt is required for the final transformation of liquid milk into cheese while also acting as a natural preservative. Processed cheese which is made from high-quality natural cheese. Therefore, it also comprises of the said nutrients (calcium, phosphorus and protein). unitary of its major differences with natural cheese is that processed cheese can be modified to have more calcium as well as extra vitamin D. For processed cheese, the processing is known to stop the senescence process, thus maintaining its olfaction, texture and smoothness over extended periods of time. Processed cheese can be customized for flavor and qualities such as a smooth melt responsible for making it versatile, tasty and easy-to-use food. There has to be careful application of amount of salt used since it will impact its firmness, flavor, food safety and saving crucial for our customers. Supply Chain At the start of cheese supply chain, we have the farmers who supply the milk. There are well known unions who we deal with and have been in operation for well over a decade, who specialize in dairy

Role of therapist in serving the old population Research Paper

Role of therapist in serving the hoary population - Research Paper ExampleThe evolution in the aging population in authentic countries like unite States of America has rendered due complexity to the treatment of complex diseases and chronic illnesses. The treatment of chronic illnesses in case of aging population demands the enhanced involvement of the human factor. The traditional systems of providing healthc ar go to the aging population requires a sea change with the incorporation of a team of medical professionals direct in various medical fields. Further the modern health apportion system focused at venerable population m centenarianiness also encompass a larger network of specialized hospitals and care for homes. Moreover more effective concepts promoting the development of rehabilitation centers along with home care systems pave the aim to health care success for the former(a) people. This integrated model of modern healthcare is considered to be the closely eff ective in providing proper medical services to the growing ageing population in United States. The aging people tend to become weak and frail to continue with their daily functions. Thus physicians mostly relate moderate walking exercises and conducting of other activities where the elderly people can better communicate with themselves as potential instruments to help the elderly population regain confidence. Thus hospitals and nursing homes providing healthcare services to the old population must perform in an integrated network with also assisting collaboration from social and rehabilitation bodies. This will entail success to the treatment offered (Cassel, Fleece, & Reddy, 2009, pp. 47, 52-54). Role of Therapist in serving the old population Family Therapy The increase in the level of life expectancy in the United States is contributing a growth in the elderly population in United States. Further the mass of the elderly population in United States owes its origin to the baby bo omer effect in the country. The elderly population in these countries largely feels unsecured virtually the changes happening in the society. They feel traumatized about the various events happening around their surroundings. wherefore elderly people suffering from chronic diseases often feel themselves to have become burdens on their family members and thusly suffer from acute depression. In addition to the above effects the elderly people tend to allow a lot of medicines by themselves without adhering to prescriptions. This leads to increased complications. Thus therapists taking care of the old population must endeavor to understand the complex family relationships of the elderly people with other factors like loneliness for having lost their spouses. This reflects the military press direct for a proper psychotherapy treatment to be offered to the elderly patients to help revive their condition. However, look shows that only a small fraction of the old population has proper access to this type of treatment. The master(prenominal) causes attributed behind such are lack of proper awareness about the treatment type. Therapists failure to win over the old people to take resort to such treatments to cultivate their well-being has resulted into the development of negative mindsets about such treatment. Further the treatment type require high amount of expenditure often non met by the insurance companies thus culminating to their refraining to take resort to such treatments. The therapists providing health care services are also found to ignore the needs for providing psychotherapy to the elderly population. Therapists are often found stating that elderly people are stubborn by nature and hence do not feel the need to change. These medical professionals suffer from lack of training and lack of interest in their endeavor to serve the old population. The therapists tend to draw a stereotypic mindset that the elderly people are tough patients to be treated a nd hence must be left at their own plight. Thus healthy care bodies have come up in America, which is endeavoring to create mass awareness among the elderly popul