The Growth of American Government from the End of Reconstruction and th

In the past, the nations governing body took the laissez-faire approach to dealing with the saving and/or gratis(p) market affairs. The government intervened as little as possible, asserting the belief felt that if left alone, economic problems would be resolved without government interference. However, this approach was not guaranteed, and at times, the government had to put aside the laissez-faire approach of the past. The government had no other choice but to intervene in these instances to return balance to the economy and protect its citizens it served. The government changed both its approach and its size through programs initiated by the Industrial Revolution, New Deal programs during and following the majuscule Depression, and World War II, forever changing the relationship between Americans and their Government. During the Industrial Revolution with the massive railroad production across the country, the railroad executives were clever, strong-minded, mostly scound relly men who bribed congressmen, and conducted crooked financial deals who became known as robber barons. 1 As railroads expanded transportation across the country, it opened up a ample market for competition and over production of farm products. The railroad executives took advantage of the fact that the railroad was the only transportation that some farmers had to ship their products. Since the railroads had formed monopolies, they were free to charge whatever rates they saw fit and took full advantage of this by price discrimination. They offered discounts and rebates to big corporations with large loads which the individual farmer did not have. Nor did farmers have the political influence to fight the railroads on these matters.2 Therefore, in 1877, t... ...11. American A Narrative History eighth Edition, George dark-brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 allow pg 1086-8712. HI 1073 United States History 1877-Present Discussion M anual Spring 2011 CH 5 The Interwar Years, 58. Social Security Act (1935).13. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 book Page 119714. HI 1073 United States History 1877-Present Discussion Manual Spring 2011 CH 6 World War II, 70. The GI Bill of Rights (1944). 15. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 pg 120916. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 page 1218

The Evolution of Skin Tanning Essay -- Sociology Essays Research Paper

The Evolution of Skin wallopingOne of Catherines insatiable obsessions in Ernest Hemingways The Garden of enlightenment is to darken her skin color. She accomplishes this by cheerfulness tanning at every opportunity possible, and naturally, her skin turns many shades darker. Catherines skin tanning infantile fixation at the time the story takes place coincides with the premiere of skin tanning as a stylish and chic fashionable pursuit.Traditionally, tanned skin was unenviable to the public. Prior to the industrial revolution, most manual pains was done outside under the sun where such constant exposure resulted in darker skin. Consequently, because manual labor was a staple of the lower classes, tanned skinned also became associated with the destitute and unprosperous (BBC). Not only was dark skin undesirable, but people craved for scout skin. The relaxed elite wanted to show that they stayed indoors because of the needlessness to be outside in the sun doing any type of w ork of their own. Thus, pale skin became linked with the loaded and high class (The Tanning Taboo). This lead to practices by the elite such as covering most of their body when they went swimming and carrying around parasols to shade themselves from the sun (Sun and Clouds). The desire for paleness dates all the way back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who would use lead paints and chalk to make their faces white and colorless as possible (Tanning). In 18th century France and Elizabethan England, royalty would go to such lengths as powdering their faces with toxins to get a pale hue on their faces (The Tanning Taboo). Until the 20th century, nothing desired bronzed skin in Europe or America.A few events lead to the change in the publics feelings toward tanned ski... ...f Tanning California Tan Heliotherapy. 14 November 2002. http//www.californiatan.com/tanbasic/history_of_tan.ehtm- A web site about tanning history from the 1920s to present. Rutherford, Kim. The Tanning T aboo September 2001. The Nemours Foundation. 14 November 2002. - The Nemours Foundations site aimed at informing kids about sun safety. Sun and Clouds - The Sun in History The Chemical Heritage Foundation. 14 November 2002. http//www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/tsih.htm- The Chemical Heritage Foundations site about the human/sun relationship. Tanning Cool Nurse. 14 November 2002. http//www.coolnurse.com/tanning.htm The Cool Nurse website about safe tanning that also reveals the development of the tan.

United States Governments False Portrayal of Marijuana :: Government Marijuana weed Drugs Essays

United States Governments False Portrayal of MarijuanaAbstractI believe that the governments handling of marijuana has been unethical because they used propaganda and lies to lead astray the American population about marijuana. In my casebook, I address how the government made propaganda films and other media to misinform the American population. Some powerful evidence that I used is from the book, On the Trail of Marijuana, in this book the authors illustrate their eight stages of marijuana intoxicationStage One Characteristic euphoria, or feelings of unnatural eudaimonia and lightheadedness.Stage Two Intellectual excitation, dissociation of ideas, and exaggeration of emotion.Stage Three Illusion in regard to time and space.Stage Four Intense audile sensibility, where every musical sound is distorted.Stage Five Fixation of ideas, which are derived by the suggestibility of near-by stimuli.Stage Six Overbalancing emotional d isturbances.Stage Seven Culmination of the ordinal stage, where the overexcited and distraught subject may commit violent irresponsible acts due to irresistible impulses of suggestive origin.Stage Eight Hallucination, varied and often terrifying. The opponent argument is supported not by opinion, but by scientific proof. There have been many studies done on the effects of marijuana, but I chose On Being Stoned because the author realized that the effects are only potential.Marijuana is illegal in the United States and in the past, in that respect have been many changes in legislation regarding marijuana possession, production, and use. The knowledge of marijuana usage has been warped and twisted by the American government beginning in the early 1900s. According to the Websters Dictionary definitions, ethics are principles of right conduct or a system of moral values, morals are the lesson or principle contained in or taught by a fable, a story, or an event, and government is the act or process of governing, especially the control and administration of unrestricted policy in a political unit. It bothers me that neither ethics nor morals were included in the definition of government.

The Free Will/Determinism Paradox Essay -- Free will Decisions Determi

The Free Will/Determinism ParadoxMost of us humans, I would guess, prefer to think we hold back surplus get out. That is, we prefer to think we ar able to make choices or decisions based upon our own unique volitions. Such fantasy appeals to our vanities. If we make good choices and decisions, our self-esteem is elevated, and this gives us pleasure. On the other hand, most of our knowledge leads us in the direction of believing the universes functions are deterministic. That is, our knowledge tells us that choice is non necessary to our description of the universe. Events occur as a result of the events which preceeded them. For example, if we strike the cue-ball properly, the 8-ball willing be knocked into the billiard table pocket which we intended. We have developed a paradox in our thinking. How can we have free will and the remainder of the universe be deterministic? Our attempts at resolution have been primarily devotion oriented. This resolution presumes that we humans are special within the universe. The devine creator gave us free will. Simple as that The downside of such resolution is that it is not based upon knowledge. It is faith. We mightiness argue that it is an a priori principle. However, this position is tenuous since none of our observation or data support this principle. The logical resolution is to postulate that we do not give birth free will. Rather, we have the impression of free will because we do not know all the factors and events which determine our choices or decisions. Therefore, in the presence of inadequate knowledge, we have an illusion of free will, but with more knowledge we would be able to see the determinism in our actions. Another attempt at resolution of the free will/determinism paradox has evolved from the incorporation of probability theory into modern physics. Probability theory is based upon the concept that matters of events can be confined within a redact of possible outcomes. Further, knowing the chara cteristics of the perplex of possible outcomes allows us to make predictions as to what the most probable outcomes will be. Thus, modern physical theories may be thought of as a blend of free will with determinism. A specific event outcome is not determined, but the outcome of many such events (the set of possible outcomes) is determined. For example, we cannot say when a specific radioactive molecule will decay, but w... ...ity is analogous to defining the characteristics of entropy even though true randomness does not exist. So what are some of the characteristics of free will? I believe the principal characteristic of free will is that whatever choices or decisions we make, these choices or decisions should be dependent upon the character or state of our individual being. That is, I make choices or decisions based upon who I am. My choices or decisions are not random, nor are they the direct result of someone elses being. This is achieved in a determined universe, not an undet ermined universe. In a determined universe, I am the production of all events which I or my ancestors have experienced. I am a unique being and my choices or decisions are the result of who I am Thus, I have the principal characteristic of free will even though the universe is determined.In conclusion, the real paradox of free will/determinism is that free will can exist only in a determined universe. In order to exercise our free will, our actions must have the potential to effect the outcome of events. Our actions cannot effect an event outcome unless there is a cause-effect relationship. Cause-effect is determinism.

The Dangers of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art

Tattoos are becoming a popular phenomenon that is seen everywhere. Todays youth are acquire permanent tattoos to be cool and trendy, but are not considering the long-term effects. Teenagers should be aware of all that body modification may include, it is not full a pretty picture. Adolescences must consider the dangers and conscientious result of attaining diseases, being underage, and having a permanent mark on their body.The unsanitary conditions of getting a tattoo tend to go unnoticed by teenagers. The increase popularity in body art has also caused an increase in the incidences of Hepatitis, especially Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread by contact with human blood. Since, the government regulation has not enforced hygiene requirements for tattoo parlors, disease such as Hepatitis C thrive in these environments. other disease that can be acquired is HIV. The government does not force tattoo parlors to use new needles or to sanitize the old ones. Also, tattoos can get sl owly infected and leave a scar if not properly taken care of. Sometimes, people die from ink poisoning if too much ink gets into the blood stream. I take a crapnt even touched on how painful it is to get a tattoo and how painful it will be to check a disease. Young adults do not consider the dangers of a tattoo until it is too late.Another problem with getting a tattoo is being underage. Teenagers have to convince their parents that a tattoo isnt a foolish decision and they really want ...

The Dangers of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art

Tattoos are becoming a popular phenomenon that is seen everywhere. Todays youth are getting permanent tattoos to be cool and trendy, but are not considering the long-term effects. Teenagers should be aware of all that body qualifying may include, it is not just a pretty picture. Adolescences must consider the dangers and conscientious result of attaining diseases, being underage, and having a permanent mark on their body.The unhealthy conditions of getting a tattoo tend to go unnoticed by teenagers. The increase popularity in body art has also caused an increase in the incidences of Hepatitis, particularly Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread by contact with human blood. Since, the government regulation has not enforced hygiene requirements for tattoo parlors, disease such as Hepatitis C thrive in these environments. Another disease that can be acquired is HIV. The government does not force tattoo parlors to use new needles or to sanitize the elder ones. Also, tattoos can get easily infected and leave a scar if not properly taken care of. Sometimes, people die from ink intoxication if too much ink gets into the blood stream. I havent even touched on how torturing it is to get a tattoo and how painful it will be to obtain a disease. Young adults do not consider the dangers of a tattoo until it is too late.Another problem with getting a tattoo is being underage. Teenagers have to convince their parents that a tattoo isnt a foolish decision and they really want ...

The Development Of Leadership Quality Education Essay

Leaders ar born(p) and loss leadership feats keep be collapseed represent two essentially different positions towards the development of prima(p) quality. Which position would you affirm up, and what deductions whitethorn this build for boot development in organisations? IntroductionAre leaders born or made? This interrogation has grabbed a batch of attending of many writers in the last(prenominal) century. The star theories and the elans to analyze trail select home been evolved oer clip. The subject of leading has been of engagement to many inquiry workers through disclose the twentieth century but non in the 19th. As Frank Heller ( 1997, p.340 ) notes that in 1896, the US Library of Congress had non virtuoso book on the topic of leading. Alan Bryman, one of the most well- fantasy-of and cited British research worker, has written a reappraisal chapter Leadership in Organizations in 1990s. Bryman traces the displacements in the definition of leading from Tra it date of references to the New Leadership epoch ( Bryman, 1996 ) . David Day argues that leaders usher out be developed. He carried out a thorough scrutiny of leading development from three interconnected positions, of theory, pattern and research ( Day, D. V, 2001 ) . One of his wide findings was that the pattern of leading development reachered many processs for executing programmes for executeing coveted ends of leading development. However, he was able to happen small hallmark of the connexions between the patterns and those ends. Day gives a clear image of one of the ways in which leading research is mainly complicated to analyze and implement. He foremost differentiates between leader development and leading development. Leader development focuses on the person, and historically was the to a greater extent of signifi offerce one. Whereas, leading development shows a broader image of the overall kineticss of the organisations within which leaders and early(a)s perf orm their work ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .In the undermentioned pages, we allow for be breasting at different theories that either supports the Born or Made side of leading, back up the impression that leaders can be developed and speak or so how can they be developed and what impact does it hold on the direction and leading development in an organisation.Leaderships, Born or Made?Narratives from all over the universe go promoted the fact of natural leaders, who succeeded without any formal preparation or whatsoever. Yet, leading preparation and development has been a turning field of survey. The interpreted-for-granted whim in the natural born leader was noted in a address on leading made by the Bishop of Durham, Dr Herbert H. Hensley at St Andrews University, Scotland in 1930s, in which he noted that It is a fact that some work forces possess an inbred high quality, which gives them a ruling influence over their coevalss, and marks them out unmistakeably for leading. . . in many walks of life there argon those who with an assured and undisputed rubric, take the prima topographic imply, and de terminaline the general behavior ( Quoted in Adair J. , 1989 )We will now be get wording at two proposals by Alan Bryman and David Day. Bryman takes us on a journey through the development of leading theories in the pre-modern generation to the rise of trait theory, and an epoch where trait theories became challenges by more behaviourally oriented thoughts. Bryman portrays all these theories as a portion of the old leading theory-based mark and contrasts them with an of import theoretical account of new leading. We will now understand how trait theories became cardinal, underpinning beliefs or so natural Born leaders followed by the diminution in the sensed significance of trait theories added to the ultimate rise of involvement in leading developmental possibilities ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .An early definition which was accepted for three dec ennaries was by Stogdill in his enchiridion which says Leadership may be considered as the procedure ( act ) of act uponing the activities of a group in attempts towards end scene and end gainment ( Stogdill, 1950 ) . Bryman argues that that definition presented by Stogdill indicates how leading was supposed to run through a leader carrying the behavior of the followings. However, he notes that this definition is deficient for distinguishing between leading and direction. He so comp ars this to a new leading definition which says The leader gives a sense of way and aim through the articulation of a compelling world-view the specifying deliver of which is the active semipublicity of values which provide sh ared significances about the nature of organisations ( Bryman, 1996 ) .Bryman takes a historiographer s attack and suggests typical epochs in leading theory and research. He notes that the epochs are suggestions of periods within which a peculiar kind of theory had dominat ion over the other. He categorises them into 4 epochs, the trait epoch, appearance epoch, eventuality epoch and the new leading epoch.The trait epoch was from 1880s to 1940s. It emphasised on the indispensable features of a leader which were presumed to be congenital traits worry physical traits, abilities like intelligence, communicating etc and personality features like assurance, extroversion etc.The manner epoch was from 1940s to 1960s. It refocuse on what the leaders did instead than their personal traits. The most dominant organisational surveies much(prenominal) as the Ohio State probes set a manner for analyzing the studies of followings which was even followed in the eventuality epoch. look workers attempted to distill manners to a few overarching variables, a coarse deal bring forthing planar theoretical accounts of muckle oriented and undertaking oriented.The eventuality epoch, right after the manner epoch, that was from late sixtiess to early 1980s. It can be seen as a more complex manner as it incorporates the situational variable. A contingent variable is one whose significance in a theory is dependent on fortunes. A people oriented manner may non be appropriate is the story of acquisition and instruction of the followings is low. Harmonizing to Bryman, the eventuality theory introduced the it all depends thought. He determine the theoretical account developed by Fred Fiedler and colleagues as the best known of the eventuality approaches. This theory suggests that the nature of the leader to favor undertaking or relationships may be assessed by the leaders position of his colleagues and specifically for the least preferable colleague ( LPC ) . If a leader sees good qualities in his colleagues, he tends to be more relationship oriented, if non so undertaking oriented.The new leading epoch took up in the 1980s and to day of the month. The typical characteristics are a displacement from the trait, manner and eventuality theoretical account s through focal point on leading as a socially constructed procedure. The 2nd characteristic was a procedure of transformational alteration. This was a clear limit from the two old epochs of eventuality and manner, although the birth of trait theory could besides be considered as grounded in leader traits linked with major transmutations ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .In 2001, David Day carried out a elaborate review of leading development from three interconnected positions, of theory, pattern and research. One of his wide findings was that the pattern of leading development can give us many ways for carry oning plans for carry throughing wanted ends of leading development. Day illustrates that leading research is reasonably complex to analyze and put to death. He draws a differentiation between leader development and leading development. Leader development focuses on the person, and historically was the more of import one. Whereas, leading development shows a broader image of the overall kineticss of the organisations within which leaders and others perform their work ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .Harmonizing to Day, leading development holds near the single focal point instead than replace it. He criticizes on the weak nexus between theory and pattern and developed six of the most influential techniques for leading development, viz. 360-degree feedback, coaching, mentoring, networking, occupation assignments and actions ( Day, D. V, 2001 ) . This we will discourse in item towards the terminal of this paper.Over the old ages, leading has been studied loosely in a assortment of contexts and theoretical foundations. In some instances, leading has been illustrated as a procedure, but most theories and research on leading expression at a individual to do thought ( Bernard, 1926 Blake, Shepard and Mouton, 1964 Drath and Palus, 1994 Fiedler, 1967 and House and Mitchell, 1974 ) . Leadership is in general defined by the traits, qualities, and behaviours of a leader.( Stogdill, 1974 ) , identified several different classs that arrests the kernel of the survey of leading in the 20th century. The first motion dealt with the properties of great leaders. Leadership was explained by the internal qualities with which a individual is born ( Bernard, 1926 ) . The impression was that if the traits that distinguished leaders from followings could be identified, sure-fire leaders could be rapidly evaluated and put into places of leading. Personality, physical, and mental individualisms were examined. This research was based on the thought that leaders were born and non made, and the key to success was alone in acknowledging those people who were born to be great leaders. Despite the fact that much research was done to place the traits, no clear response was found with approve to what traits every clip were associated with great leading. One imperfectness with this line of idea was in ignoring the situational and environmental factors that play a function in a leader s degree of effectivity ( Horner M. , 1997 ) . A 2nd major thrust looked at leader behaviours in an attempt to reason what successful leaders do, non how they look to others ( Halpin and Winer, 1957 Hemphill and Coons, 1957 ) . These surveies began to look at leaders in the model of the organisation, placing the behaviours leaders exhibit that increases the efficiency of the company. A 3rd attack in response to the inquiry about the best manner to take dealt with the dealingss between the leader s traits, the leader s behaviours, and the state of affairs in which the leader exists. These eventuality theories make the fore roller that the effects of one variable on leading are contingent on others. Yet another eventuality theory trades with an scrutiny of the people who are led by leaders. The significance of the followings in leading materialized ( House and Mitchell, 1974 ) , and leading was seen as a communicating between the ends of the followings and th e leader. The path-goal theory proposes that leaders are chiefly responsible for attending followings build up behaviours that will enable them to achieve their ends or preferred results.Extra leading theories have come frontward over the past 10 to fifteen old ages. This is symbolized by the comparing of transactional and transformational leading. Transactional leading stems from more constituted positions of workers and organisations, and it involves the place power of the leader to utilize followings for undertaking completion ( Burns, 1978 ) . Transformational leading, nevertheless, looks on for ways to assist actuate followings by carry throughing higher-order pauperisms and more to the full appealing them in the procedure of the work ( Bass, 1985 ) . Transformational leaders can get vanquish and cover with alteration, and they can craft something new out of the old. In this manner, these leaders separately evolve while besides assisting their followings and organisations ev olve. They construct strong associations with others while back uping and heartening each person s development. Manz and Sims besides offer a revised, integrative point of position on leading. Using the term Super Leadership, they expect the traditional paradigm of leading as one individual making something to other people ( Manz and Sims, 1991 ) . Alternatively, they propose that another theoretical account exists for leading nowadays the most appropriate leader is one who can take others to take themselves ( p. 18 ) . Harmonizing to this position, leading exists within every person, and it is non restricted to the bounds of officially official leaders. They suggest that for leaders to be most successful, they need to help each person in the development of taking himself or herself. Leaderships become great by unleashing the possible and capablenesss of followings, hence holding the cognition of many people alternatively of trusting entirely on their ain accomplishments and abilities.Daniel Goleman was the first individual to present the thought of excited intelligence in his book with the same rubric in 1995. In his research of around 200 big companies, he found that apart from the leading qualities like intelligence, stamina, finding and vision, which are needed to for a leader to be successful there is besides a subscribe for a high degree of emotional intelligence which includes self-awareness, self-regulation, actor, empathy and societal accomplishments. These qualities may sound soft but Goleman discovered strong relationships between emotional intelligence and the house s public presentation. Harmonizing to Goleman, IQ and proficient accomplishments are the entry degree demands for any executive places. But Goleman s research shows that emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leading and without it, no affair if the individual has the best preparation in the universe, has an analytical head and a clump of superb thoughts, he still won t do a great leader ( Goleman, 1998 ) .Self-awareness is the first component of emotional intelligence, which makes sense when one believe that the Delphic prophet gave the advice to cognize thyself 1000s of old ages ago. Self-awareness means holding a deep apprehension of one s emotions, strengths, failings, demands, and thrusts. Peoples with strong self-awareness are neither overly critical nor unrealistically hopeful. Rather, they are honorable with themselves and with others. Peoples with a high signifier of self- consciousness place how their feelings affect them, the people around them, and their occupation public presentation. Therefore, a self-conscious individual who knows that he tilt handle tight deadlines, can be after his clip carefully and gets his work done good in progress. Self-awareness extends to a individual s accepting of his values and ends ( Goleman, 1998 ) .Self-regulation is the component of emotional intelligence that frees us from being prisoner of our ain feelings. Peoples occupied in such(prenominal) a duologue feel bad tempers and emotional disposition merely as everyone else does, but they figure out ways to command them and to even impart them in utile ways. Peoples with self-regulation tend to take a different way in difficult times. They craft words in such a manner that the individual gets the message without doing him or her feel bad about it. Peoples who have control of their feelings and urges are able to craft an ambiance of trust and equity. In such an environment, political relations and bitching are aggressively reduced and end fruit is high. Gifted people congregate to the organisation and are nt tempted to go forth ( Goleman, 1998 ) .Motivation is one trait that all leaders possess. They are driven to accomplish beyond outlooks. Many of the people are motivated by external factors like higher wage, a esteemed rubric in the organisation or the taking company itself for which they are working. On the other manus, g ood leaders are motivated by a deeply embedded desire to accomplish something merely for the interest of accomplishing it. If one wants to mensurate the motivational degree of the leader, expression at the desire and passion for work itself. Such people look for germinal challenges and love to larn new things. Empathy can be easy recognized out of all the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. It surely does non intend following others emotions as one s ain and seek to delight them, instead empathy agencies sympathetically sing employees feelings along with other factors while doing intelligent determinations. Empathy is preponderantly indispensable directly as a constituent of leading for at least three grounds the increasing usage of squads the rapid gait of globalisation and the turning demand to retain endowment ( Goleman, 1998 ) .The first three dimensions of emotional intelligence are self-management accomplishments. The last two, empathy and societal accomplishment, trades with a individual s endowment to pull off relationships with others. As an component of emotional intelligence, societal accomplishment is non every bit straightforward as it sounds. It s non merely about friendliness, even though people with high degrees of societal accomplishment are seldom dishonorable. Social accomplishment, instead, is openness with a ground traveling people in the way you want, whether that s understanding on a new selling scheme or acuteness about a new merchandise. Social accomplishment is a decision of the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. Peoples tend to be really effective at pull offing associations when they can grok and command their ain emotions and can sympathize with the feelings of others. Even motive addendums to societal accomplishment. Peoples who are ambitious to carry through be given to be optimistic, even in the face of failure. When people are optimistic, their freshness is cast upon duologues and other societal brushs ( Goleman, 1998 ) .So can emotional intelligence be learned? For decennaries, people have been reasoning approximately are leaders born or made, and so does about emotional intelligence, are people born with certain degrees of empathy, for illustration, or do they get by existent life screws? , the do is both. Scientific research suggests that there is a familial constituent to emotional intelligence and that nature plays a critical function in development of such intelligence. But to what extent, one can non truly mensurate that out. One thing is for certain that emotional intelligence additions as the individual grows older but some people still need developing to develop emotional intelligence. Every individual is born with it, there is a demand to happen and develop it. randy intelligence is born mostly in the neurotransmitters of the encephalons limbic system, which administers feelings, urges, and thrusts. Research shows that the limbic system learns best through motive, dra w out pattern, and feedback. Compare this with the sort of larning that goes on in the neopallium which governs analytical and proficient ability. The neocortex appreciation constructs and logic. It is the portion of the encephalon that figures out how to utilize a computing machine or do a gross revenues call by reading a book. To hike emotional intelligence organisations must redeploy their preparation to include the limbic system. They must assist people interrupt old behavioral wonts and put up new 1s. That non merely takes much more clip than conventional preparation plans it besides requires an separate attack. With dedication, continuity and pattern, such a procedure can hold a life long consequence. It s of import to recognize that constructing 1s emotional intelligence can non and will non take topographic point without sincere desire and concentrated attempt. A brief seminar wo nt assist nor can one purchase a how-to manual. It is wakeless to larn to sympathize, to inte rnalise empathy as a natural response to people, than it is to go proficient at failure analysis. But it can be done. Nothing great was of all time achieved without enthusiasm wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. If your end is to go a existent leader, these words can function as a usher in your attempts to develop high emotional intelligence ( Goleman, 1998 ) .Harmonizing to Day, there are six most influential techniques for leading development, i.e. 360-degree feedback, coaching, mentoring, networking, occupation assignments and action acquisition.360-degree feedback involves assessment procedures within which the executives ( leaders ) gives feedback to the employees ( followings ) and have a feedback from them if possible at a higher, tantamount or lower degrees in the organisation. It is used to garner positions from the very important persons and the lower downs. This technique is used by many of the luck 500 organisations nevertheless the leading development portion has attracted som e differences.Coaching and mentoring are two overlapping agencies of leading development. both(prenominal) these attacks fit good with the construct of go throughing on the information to the less experient from the more experient one. Coaching is a term by and big related with the proviso of specific sets of behavioral accomplishments ( dialogue, communicating, presentation accomplishments would be typical leading illustrations ) . The procedures tend to presume that statute cognition is transferred from the trainer to the trainee.Mentoring, correspondent to training, is a classical term to specify the relationship between the wise man, the experient and knowing one, and a less experient receiver. Unlike coaching, the cognition transportation is less concerned with specific accomplishments and the acquired cognition is more likely to be dispersed. Mentoring is therefore more clearly developmental, and sometimes called as tacit accomplishments. This characteristic allows the possi bility of informal mentoring relationships.Networking has been acknowledged within cognition direction research, as holding a connectivist footing. This draws a differentiation between theories which regard cognition as inborn in persons ( cognitivist theories ) and those concerned with relationships across persons ( connectivist theories ) . These theories believe that organisational constructions are self-structuring, as an result of the information flows through several connexions ( webs ) amongst its single members. The networking attack to leading development is the most obviously connectivist one.Job assignments have played a critical portion in the field of direction development programmes for many old ages. The simple hypothesis is that persons learn by being exposed to wide-ranging challenges of importance to current or future occupations. The statement has been widely applied to apologize concern exchanges, foreign deputations, even abroad school trips. It will be noted t hat a occupation assignment programme will inescapably hike a alteration in networking activities of those occupied, so that the appraisal of the one technique against the other is a complex affair.Action acquisition is an look applied to an extended scope of experiential acquisition procedures. The procedures tend to affect undertakings as the drive force for larning these are frequently directed towards of import concern jobs. It presents the impression of calculated engagement. The find procedure comes from the interior of a individual. The procedure comes with a demand to work through jobs of objectiveness and whether consequences could be generalized or non ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .Apart from these patterns and attacks, there are many formal leading development establishments in the universe. The content for Creative Leadership ( CCL ) is considered as one of the most experient planetary leading development organisations in the universe. It was founded in 1970 in Greensb oro, NC, USA and had developed itself as a universe leader with many other installations in the US, Europe and Asia. Even in the UK, Ashridge Management College built its extended leading programmes in the 1980s and 90s with the advocate of its franchise from CCL. Manchester Business School ( MBS ) besides became a portion of the programme for proficient leading over a period of old ages through its Research & A Development Department ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .DecisionThere is still much of a argument that are leaders born or made , in my perceptual experience and by looking at a scope of articles and books, came to a decision that nevertheless there is an in-born component involved in the development of leading, preparation and development is still in much demand to foster explore and smooth that possible. As Goleman notes that It would be foolish to asseverate that good-old-fashioned IQ and proficient ability are non of import ingredients in strong leading. But the formula would non be complete without emotional intelligence. It was one time thought that the constituents of emotional intelligence were nice to hold in concern leaders. But now we know that, for the interest of public presentation, these are ingredients that leaders need to hold ( Goleman, 1998 ) . The techniques identified by David Day are deserving observing. Whereas the formal techniques can be used in the development of leading, many other informal attacks can besides be considered. Informal squads can besides be setup in an organisations what can give informal but valuable feedback about a individuals behavior which than can be taken attention of. A individual may be born with leading accomplishments and may hold emotional intelligence to a certain degree, but when we look at eventualities, the leader has to be cognizant of the state of affairss and has to be pro-active instead than being re-active. Leadership development in footings of emotional intelligence is a drawn-out and clip devouring procedure but it is deserving puting in provided that the scholar is unfastened to all kinds of acquisition and has a passion and enthusiasm for it.

Psychodynamic Theories Essay

As a group over the last few weeks we have been dicussing has a group the 3 main theories of counselling and after c atomic number 18ful deliberation ive chosen to do my presentation on the psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamics is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie hu hu homosexuality behaviour. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious and unconscious motivation . Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patients earth generally, one conflict is subconscious .Psychodynamics was initially developed by Sigmund Freud ,Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the psychodynamic theory had been well established. When talking most Psychodynamic theory the first come across that pops into most peoples heads is Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was Born in Austria on May 6, 1856, Sigmund Freud th eorized and practiced neuropsychology, studying first hysteria and then sexuality. A exceedingly controversial intellectual figure of the 20th century, he studied dreams, defined what he called the Oedipus complex and laid out three stages of infantile sexual festering .He remains one of the most influential figures in todays solid ground. His name alone symbolizes the importance of his theories, and the name that comes to most peoples heads when saying the word psychology is Sigmund Freud. Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist and that came from Freuds view on the mind is in the shape of an iceberg. He believes that mankinds mind kit and boodle in the unconscious. Every choice that mankind makes he is aw be of, but whitethornbe the consequences of our action might be unknown.The Structure of Personality which is a nonher interest part of Freuds theory basically states that we have an ID, a Superego and an Ego. The ID is a biological reservoir of urges and impulses that need to be gratified. He says the ID does not have a conscious , it acts on instinct and it seeks out gratification and pleasure. It is the pleasure principle. The Superego is the Morality Principle, and the Superego knows the difference between right and wrong. The Superego is a bunch of learned internalized morals and determine of parliamentary procedure.This isbasically the thing that keeps the ID in check. Freud said that Superego is our conscious, and that the Superego is the most powerful tool (guilt and pride). Last but not least is the Ego, which is the ingenuousness principle. The Ego finds societally unobjectionable ways to satisfy the ID. It finds the balance between the ID and reality. The functions of the Ego is to find a compromise between the ID and the Superego. The Ego moldiness in any case learn to deal with anxiety, and it also helps to boost the egotism-esteem. Without the Ego there would be no mental health.After researching Freuds theory of the Structure of Per sonality I feel we have diametrical parts of our behavior that we send packing control and that we argon conscious about and there are former(a) behaviors that come directly from our unconscious . Our ego lies to us, denies, falsifies, and distorts reality which in turn causes us to create what Freud likes to call the seven defense mechanicss. The first of the seven defense mechanisms is Repression. Repression pushes the problem to the subconscious. It is the exclusion of impulses and thoughts from the conscious mind. conterminous comes Denial, and demur is the cutting of the conscious mind from external threats. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 3 An example of this would be when you are walking in the mall with your girlfriend and a beautiful woman walks by and you look but when your girlfriend asks you say, I wasnt looking at her. Next there is a defense mechanism called Sublimation which is the changing of bad behavior and impulses into socially acceptable behavior and impulses. One example of this could be playing football for a scholarship in enounce to go to college.An other defense mechanism is Reaction Formation which is a development of behavior opposite of that which brings you anxiety . The next mechanism is called Projection whichis when the unconscious attribution of your thoughts and feelings is brought onto others. Finding flaws in others is a good example of Projection. Displacement is the next defense mechanism, and this is when an urge is placed onto another object. Taking out crossness onto others when you really should be mad at yourself. Last but not least is the defense mechanism of Rationalization which is giving a good reason in place of the true reason.Another well known psychologist which is actually a student of Freuds is Carl Jung who is also a psychodynamic psychologist, Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland and he went a little deeper than Freud did in his theories and he challenges some of his brains. One is th at Jungs iceberg is right side up and at the top of the iceberg is the ego, and the level underneath that is the somebodyal unconscious, and the final level of the iceberg is finally the collective unconscious which is almost the exact opposites of Freuds.What I mean by deeper is that he feels that man is not just sexual but spiritual as well. He says that the major difference in man is establish on the Libido which is your sex drive. As you can see Jung has a much broader level of human interest. Jung theories are strongly based on Darwins theory of Evolution. Jung thinks we evolved behaviorally which has allowed us to prosper and move forward-moving in order to keep up with society. The next part of Carl Jungs theory is the Archetypal Complex, which are common ways of dealing with the world.In other words its a genetically transmitted response strategy. It ensures survival. in that respect are two examples of Archetypal Complexes and they are the enemy archetype and the social ar chetype. . There are examples in everyday manner when a person does not know what something is they immediately show some sort of aggression or thwarting which proves they are afraid of what is different or what they do not really know or understand. The social archetype basically means strength in numbers. Also the social archetype is what we look to for support and look to interact and socialize with.The response strategy is to develop a need to conform. With the whole idea of Archetypal Complexes different people use different ways to deal with the worlds problems, and enemy archetype could not be more diminutive about mankind existence threatened by something that is different. The next part of Jungs theory is the idea of Individuation which is the integration of our conscious perceptions of the outside world with our unconscious archetypal experiences. Polarities, which are opposite extremes, which ties in the Principle of entropy which, is a state of disorder and a randomn ess of energy.The last thing Jung states in his theory is the idea of wholeness which is having both polarities of our life met. Carl Jungs theory challenges much of Freuds, but in some ways is similar. Jung gets more into man being more spiritual than sexual which is almost the opposite of Freud. The next psychologist that I will mention will be a social psychodynamic psychologist by the name of Alfred Adler. Adler was born on February 7, 1870 and Adlers theory states that all of us are born with a mind of lower status as evidenced by how faded and helpless a newborn is.ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 4 By this, Adler was able to explain that this inferiority is a crucial part of our personality, in the sense that it is the driving force that pushes us to strive in order to become superior. In addition to the Inferiority Theory of Personality, Adler also considers birth order as a major factor in the development of our personality. He believed that first born children may feel inferio r and may even develop inferiority complex once their younger sibling arrives.The middle born children, on the other hand, are not as pampered as their older or younger sibling, but they have a sense of favourable position to dethrone their older sibling in a healthy competition. Thus they have the spectacularest authorization to be successful in life. The youngest children may feel like they have the least power to influence other members of the family. Because they are often the most pampered, they may develop personality problems of inferiority just like the first born. He was much less of a pessimist than Freud was Almost a complete opposite from Freud.Adler believed that society impedes humans. His view of the mind is much like Carl Jungs, but instead of having the ego at the top he has the conscious at the top with the unconscious on the bottom. He felt that social interests drive motivation, which is an innate drive to be social and to belong. He also stated in his theory that mankind is parasitical on others and their reactions and their acceptance which in turn leaves mankind very vulnerable. The main idea of this theory is that he feels that mankind is more social than biological.A great example ofthis would definitely be that in todays schools there are cliques and clans of different people that feel that they are cooler or crack and than the people who are not as popular do whatever they can to fit in with a certain group. Teenagers nowadays are plausibly the best example there is of Adlers theory of social interest. Another part of Adlers theory that he brings up is the idea of the creative self which he says drives us toward human nature. There are two parts to this theory and they are the superiority complex and the inferiority complex.First of all the superiority complex states mankind tries to better itself in order to overcome our weaknesses. The second part of this theory is the inferiority complex which is when society measures us up to their standards. This is when we arrive to avoid our weaknesses instead of trying to overcome them. The next theoretician is Erich Fromm who was born in Frankfurt on March 23, 1900 and he was a liberal social psychodynamic psychologist who was also a student of Freuds. He believes that man is innately good and society is the thing that corrupts him.He also feels that the conscious mind dominates over the unconscious. Fromm says man is a social creature and he believes that mankind has social needs. He says life is a struggle and society makes our lives difficult. Fromm feels that the four needs of mans social life are relatedness, frame of character , identity, and transcendence. Relatedness is a basic need and it states that man needs to feel connected to humanity whether it be friends, family, or activities. It also states that man has to beinteracted with other in order to belong.The problems start when a person feels that they are not a part of something. Relatedness is pr obably the most powerful need. Frame of author are common ideas and beliefs of looking at the world. This is when we seek out a belief system or a value system. We receive our frame of reference from where we find our relatedness. Without frame of reference there is no meaning to life. Identity is the next out of the four needs of mans social life which is when you know who you are and what you stand for.With identity you have to establish your own uniqueness or identity. Recognizing differences in others help you to find your own identity. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 5 Next comes transcendence which is rarely achieved and this means to rise above societies conformities in order to be an individual. With transcendence there is a risk of losing your relatedness, and for this not to happen relatedness must allow you rise above society. A conflict of freedom and loneliness means that the more that we become transcendent the more we lose the relatedness.My last theorist to talk about is Erik Erikson, he was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 . Erikson impacted psychological theories by expanding upon Freuds original five stages of development. He believed that each person progressed through eight, and ultimately nine (added by his widow), stages of development throughout their lives. Eriksons theories were founded on the premise that environment played a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity . His belief in the Life Cycle later won him a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.He was selected for the Jefferson berate and recognized for his achievement in the area of humanities. Erikson was best known for his impact on psychology through his theory on social development and his protracted teaching career at prestigious institutions. Now after all my researching which has took me quite a while to get through cause there are so many sources to choose from ive realised that has psychodynamic theories have developed over the years our understanding of the human psyche has evolved and so as the effectiveness of the methods employ by counsellors today.There is a negative side to this theory though cause some critics argue that psychodynamic theories are not falsifiable and therefore unscientific. In response to this criticism, proponents of psychodynamic theories point out that evidence does support some psychodynamic concepts. For example, research shows that there are unconscious mental processes, that people have mental representations of other people, and that people use unconscious defense mechanisms to protect themselves from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety.Other critics argue that psychodynamic theories are made by generalizing from a runty number of patients to the whole human population. Relying only on case studies can lead to faulty conclusions. Still others argue that most psychodynamic theories are not based on studies that follow people from childhood to adulthood. Instead, psychodynamic the orists listen to descriptions of an adult patients past and draw conclusions about the relevance of childhood experiences however memories are not always reliable.

The Effect of Computer Technology on the Academic

The Constructivist Approach Constructivist This approach represents a combination of both genetic pre-programming and environmental adaptation or aim where the child actively constructs a version of reality from his/her unique experiences. The process of constructing knowledge is an active one (going out and interacting with the environment and constructing it yourself). Learning is a extend of the natural and continual variability in the world and variable action upon it. Constructivist would argue that in a school class not all children let out the same thing.The important thing for educators is to ascertain what each child knows and then plan learning programmed for each child or follow the hills lead. Conflict 4th (1995) recognizes the importance of learners actively constructing their knowledge as suggested by the theoretical view forefront of constructivism. Looking at childrens conflict (which has its roots in Paginating thinking (Littleton 1995)) and disagreements (where children consider the others point of view), Fourth (1995) concluded that childrens disagreements can be viewed as a legitimate source of collaboration can be both constructive and productive in the learning process. Appear to hold an important role in active learning.Thus, by seeing an alternative way of tackling a problem, each individual makes cognitive gains which can subsequently influence problem solving. All three constructivist theorists, Pigged Weights and Burner, agree that the child is both determined and a determiner of knowledge and understanding. However, they place diametric emphasis on the direction of the relationship. contents I CLC home page I references The Effect of Computer Technology on the Academic Performance of Based Students By Conrad

Disadvantages and Advantages of Computer

With computer and internet connection, you can draw easy access to information. Computers can be use for quadruplex purposes, word processing, gaming, movies, internet browsing, programming, reading articles, email, faxing, video chat, online chat and more. Organize large and store large amount of data and information such as images, sound, videos and opposite files. It helps people to communicate with other computer owners, family and friends across the world through the internet. There are free calls from variant countries and making the world smaller. Computers run 24 hours 7 days a week.Reduce the use of paper. Computer has more computing and calculating power than human. Computers are more accurate and consistence. Accountant roleplay has become much easier because of the help of computers. Enable you to shop online anywhere and purchase items without commuting. Helps create automatic tasks that human do not want to do.Computer hurt Less human interactions, computer may ru in your social life if you cannot maintain the balance. People who work from home on their computers are likely to flavor cut off from the rest of the world. Have to constantly keep up to date with new technology and have to spend time to learn different functions in applications. May caused eyestrains because of the bright screen and radiation. Computer may decrease your physical activities, making someone unhealthy, may caused chronic injury syndrome with pain in the fingers of the hand/radiating pain in the forearm and arm. Shoulder pain fibromyalgia in shoulder muscles, elbow pain tennis elbow, golfers elbow, wrist pain deQuervains disease, ulnar styloiditis. Finger joint pains usually linked to tenosynovitis, trigger fingers. May cause bad posture and skeletal problems.Children have easy access to big material with internet connection. Children are also easy target for sexual offenders who pretend to chat and pretend to be their friends. Email spam, lead to fraud, hacking , stolen identities, and viruses. People have lost jobs because computers are more efficient than human. Risk of addiction to online gaming and online gambling.

Preschool for all

As a father of three boys, ages four, two, and most late(a)ly, a two month old, I have been Interested ab come forward the learning options available for them. It was non until I attempted to conduct my own research on the early childishness raising, specifically preschool for my oldest son, then three years old, did I realize the difficulty In doing so. Having been a member of The united put ups Air Force, I was afforded the opportunity to enroll my children into the robust, yet sometimes frustrating, Child Development ticker that is established on each Air Force base.Living in a world of checklists and constant inspections, I did not worry about the quality of the design. As I transitioned to be a civilian, my head began to swim at what is considered high quality education for my growing boys. I thought process that I knew about preschools, it seemed homogeneous common sense to me. After the first few classroom discussions into our exploratory research papers, the overarc hing topic for my fellow students was Twenty First Century Families. I knew that my recent struggle would fit perfectly.Starting with only a question and without a clue, I set out to find out why here were not whatsoever affordable options for high quality preschools. The Investigation began with a conversation with my wife about the topic. She reminded me that president Obama spoke about this very topic In the 2013 State of the union Address. In a speech that took just over an hour, chairman Beams address to the nation set forth many challenges for carnal knowledge as well as the citizens of The united States of America. One challenge in token came about half way through the speech.Obama noted that although the secondary and collegiate education is something that should be pursed, the education of our youngest citizens would not e ignored by his administration. He goes on to state, Every dollar we invest in high- quality early childhood education can save more than seven dolla rs later on by boosting graduation rates, reducing teen pregnancy, even reducing violent nuisance (Remarks). I fully support this Initiative by the chairperson. It seems easy for law makers to get wrapped up In meeting the demands for their constituents, but what about the youngest constituents?It did not follow me long to realize that what I thought I knew about the subject was about to get more complicated. However, for the future of my three boys, I looked deeper into the debate. To my surprise, electric chair Obama brought up the same topic in the 2014 State of the Union Address. Buried about one third of the way into the speech, death chair Obama transitioned into the early childhood education topic yet once more. At first, I thought to myself, If he cannot push this forward, this issue must run even deeper than I thought. President Obama explains that the best investment in young childs life is one of a high-quality education.As he brought the topic to a close in his spee ch, President Obama states that despite Congress stalling, thirty states have raised pre-K funding on their own (President). He added, As Congress decides what Its going to do, Im going to pull together a coalition of elected officials, business leaders, and philanthropists willing to help more kids access the high-quality pre-K they need (President). This put me at ease, but I was convinced that President at that place were going to be several political gains to be made if each state were to follow through with their end of the bargain.Although it seemed like a unbendable use of taxpayer funds, I was not convinced that the expenditure was worth it. While I still support his proposal, I felt there were more layers to the onion plant that needed to be led sanction. I still did not have an answer as to why there were not any affordable preschools that I considered to be high quality. While I was sifting through dozens of abstracts through the Academic Search Complete database, ther e was one in particular that caught my eye from the Congressional Digest, entitled Early Childhood Education.As the third source for my exploratory research paper, this article shed some light on the history of the Universal Preschool debate. The origins of the universal preschool debate began in 1965 with President Lyndon B. Johnnys Head Start program. This eight-week summer course was aimed at low-income families with children in the kindergarten age group. It did not take long for this program to become popular both as a political topic, but also as a tool for social change. The program came at a time in America that was plagued by the war in Vietnam.Head Start grew in size over the next 40 years. Today, there are forty-five different Federal programs that provide assistance and services to families with children under the age of five. However, there is still a long-standing debate over the continuing performance in terms of supportive services and curriculum for children ender the age of five. There is, however, no standing debate to the powerful remarks made by President Johnson in 1965 regarding the newly developed Head Start program, Children are inheritors of scantinesss curse and not its creators.Unless we act, these children will pass it on to the next generation (CTD. In Early). My thought process began to shift a little. While I did know that the Head Start program existed, I did not know that it was so closely link up to preschool age children. In my experience, the Head Start program was intended for those with difficulties adapting or learning in a public school setting. Still, I peeled backwards another layer from this debate. Using the discovery that a large number of separate Federal programs are involved with assisting families, I sought out a source from the opposite end of the debate.The forth source I selected to help me understand the debate of Preschool for All was from the National Affairs Journal. David Armor and Sonic dump wrote the article, The Dubious Promise of Universal Preschool. Both authors are professors at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University. I read the article with an free-spoken mind already knowing the opposing conservative lean on the Journal. David Amour and Sonic Souse recapped a brief history of the debate, also mentioning President Johnnys initial Head Start proposal in 1965. But they quickly moved on to statistics and interpreting surveys that had been conducted.I found myself taking notes as I well-read about the rapid growth in the asses of the Head Start program that ballooned from 400,000 in the asses to nearly 900,000 children (Armor Souse 37). The authors soon dive into concerns over the quality of the program, citing again the forty-five different Federal programs that support Head Start. They further explain hat the locally developed curriculums are frequently pointed out as the impuissance in the overall program (Armor Souse). Additionally, most Head Start te achers do not background in childhood education with an associates degree (Armor Souse, 39).I was taken back by this discovery. The quality of instruction seemed to be directly related to the experience of its instructor. The history of the Head Start Program is indeed a remarkable one. As one of the longest running Federal Government programs that attacks one of the poverty issues that exist in our country, Head Start surely has its merits and drawbacks. The idea of Preschool for All started from a modest attempt to help low-income families with small children prepare for kindergarten. It later grew into the national debate we see and participate in today.Knowing that there were indeed instances where states have had promise success, I aimed my focus at the state of Oklahoma. According to an article I found in The New York Times using the database tool Lexiss, Oklahoma Where the Kids pick out Early, two time Pulitzer Prize winning author Nicholas Kristin depicts a story about two young girls, ages three and four aiming to break the cycle of poverty which is about so much more than a lack of money (Krzysztof. The girls great grandmother had a baby at 13, their grandmother followed with a baby at 15, the mom had her first baby by 13, born with drugs in his system (Krzysztof.I was shocked as I keep reading. The inequality of these innocent children Jumped out at me. Suddenly, the debate took a different shape. In an interview that the author conducted with Republican Tulsa City Council member Skip Steele, This isnt a liberal issue, he added, this is investing in our kids, in our future. Its a no- brainier (Krzysztof. While I had researched nearly a dozen sources and discussed several of them here, none put the face to the story quite like this article. It is a stark reminder that there is a face behind all the numbers, figures, and charts that make up statistics.The exploratory paper I began soon did not go through like an assignment anymore. It seemed like I was apart of a movement for the future of our nation. After conducting the research and having time to analyze the information, I still line up that Preschool for All is absolutely the right thing to do. With its earnest beginnings during the Vietnam War, to the humble town of Tulsa, Oklahoma, my Rooney throughout this exploratory paper was very interesting. I was surprised to find out that about the number of Federal government programs that have oversight in the Head Start program.

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of DSM-IV TR Essay

DSM-IV TR, which stands for Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), Text Revision was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2000 and serves as a guide book for many wellness professionals to diagnose a patient with a psychological disorder. It also helps health professionals to determine what types of treatment could be carried out to help the patient. The latest DSM is widely used, especially in the USA and many European countries.1However, it may not be completely followed by health professionals as they know that there atomic number 18 round weaknesses of the latest version of DSM as well. This essay allow discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of the latest DSM and new changes for the DSM-V, which is expected to be published in May, 2013.DSMs strength would be that it standardizes psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria2, making the diagnosing of a intellectual disorder relatively easier than it was in the past. It allo ws health professionals to diagnose a patient, use the DSM to give them maybe the best treatment and overall, help them to cure the patients if the disorder is curable. DSM also has statistical data such as the prevalence of a certain disease in distinguishable genders, age of onset of diseases, etc. This allows health professionals to fox a in truth wide chain of knowledge which may be very useful for diagnosis and treatments. alike, the DSM allows a common language for discussing diagnosis. It provides clear criteria for certain disorders so that every clinician would come up with the resembling diagnosis. This makes sure that a person is not diagnosed with different types of disorders in different clinics.Thus, treating patients more efficiently.Compared to the older versions of the DSM, the latest DSM also has more subtypes and specifiers which increases the diagnostic specificity. As I commendationed before, this increases the chance of diagnosing a patient with the sam e disorder in different clinics, assuring that they are diagnosed with the correct disorder as misdiagnosing them could possibly lead to serious damage.For some disorders, such as bipolar disorder, there are severity indicators such as mild, moderate and severe as well. This helps clinician to settle down the course of the treatment according to the severity of their disorder. This is one of the strength of DSM as using the same treatment for different severity of the same disorder depart not be very appropriate or efficient. However, this severity indicator is absent in some disorders such as manic episodes which is one of the weaknesses of DSM-IV TR.These were some of the strengths of DSM-IV TR. However, we know that another edition of DSM, DSM-V is expected to be published soon. This is obviously because there are some, or many weaknesses in the current DSM with which people are not satisfied.One of the major weakness of the current DSM and probably all the older editions is C ultural Bias. DSMs are mainly published by anglo-Americans and almost of the behaviour that is considered as conventionality in the DSM is actually what is considered normal by the anglo-Americans. That is, some of the behaviour that is considered as abnormal in the DSM might be considered as normal in other cultures. For example, in some cultures, people tend to put a business deal of emphasis and values filial piety and cod to that, they would behave in a way that might not be considered as normal by the anglo-Americans. Would that classify them as abnormal? What exactly is normal anyways? According to the DSM, it it, I believe, what is considered as normal by the anglo-Americans. This is one of the weaknesses of the DSM which is well-known and I think it is because of this reason that DSM might not be as general in countries where the culture is much different compared to countries like the USA and many European countries.Another weakness would be that DSM promotes a mechani cal memory access to genial disorder assessment. The clinicians may focus excessively on the signs and symptoms of mental disorders and they might not put much emphasis on a more in-depth sagacity of the clients/patients problems. This problem have improved hardly it is motionless a problem caused by the DSM. DSM-IV TR also does not consider patients subjective experience of a disorder. That is, the cash advance is not a dimensional approach as there is no first-person report but rather, observations are usually carried out which may neglect the more somatic and psychological mathematical processes that underlie the symptoms (Flanagan, Davidson & Strauss, 2007).3 Also, DSM causes most clinicians to be primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of a disorder rather than the underlying cause by giving a list of certain criteria for diagnosis.Another weakness and debate about the DSM is that it is an unscientific system and it is the opinion of a few powerful psychiatrists. T his has raised a lot of questions and have caused people to question the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories as well. The validity and reliability were especially questioned after the Rosenhan experiment in the 1970s in which it was concluded that the sane could not be distinguished from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. Thus, even though the reliability and validity has improved now when compared to the 1970s, it is still a weakness which I believe could not be entirely fixed. However, validity problems of the diagnostic criteria especially arise when children or adolescents are involved.For example, the DSM-IV TR criteria for bipolar and manic disorder were originally developed for adults but right now, after a few changes, it is used for children as well. This increases the chance of misdiagnosing children with bipolar disorder. This information is supported by the fact that in the last 10 years, there has been a 40%4 increase in the number of children diagno sed with bipolar disorder. It is believed that there is not a sharp increase in the number of children with bipolar disorder but rather that the clinicians have been applying the diagnostic criteria (which were originally developed for adults) much more sharp to children.5This is one of the weakness of DSM-IV TR that needs to be improved in the future as the effects could be devastating.One of the weakness, which I believe is not very significant but still is a problem and which is actually questioned by people is the definition of the mental disorder. This was also mentioned in the lectures. According to DSM-IV TR, a mental disorder is associated with present distress or disability or significant increased risk of death, pain, disability and grievous loss of freedom. This raises the question.. what about thoseindividuals who consume in activities that threatens their lives but they actually enjoy it? Such as mountain climbers, scuba divers, etc. Obviously they are no considered a s abnormal but according to the definition of the DSM, they are considered as having a mental disorder. But we know that this is not correct. Thus, there is a problem with the definition of the intelligence operation mental disorder.There are many other weaknesses as well such as with Personality Disorder diagnosis. It is believed that the description of symptoms is very broad. This means that patients diagnosed with the same disorder could actually have very different clinical presentations. For personality disorders, DSM uses a categorical approach6. However, it would be wear to use a dimensional approach so that the different types/ degree of disorder could be distinguished and thus, could be given different and more efficient treatments.Another major weakness of the bloc II personality disorder is that there is a very high degree of overlapping or co-occurence with each other. This is also a problem for axis vertebra I mental disorders.7There are many other weaknesses with s pecific disorders of DSM especially about the diagnosis criteria and some other issues such as whether Paraphilias should be included or not. Most of the major ones has been discussed above. Now, the new changes for DSM-V will be discussed.There are many new changes for the DSM-V. I will mainly mention those that are related to the weaknesses mentioned above. However, the new changes are discussed, the 4 principles behind the current process for revising DSM should be discussed. (Obtained from APA DSM-V Developments official website)1) Clinical Utility- the manual(a) should be useful to those who diagnose and treat patients with mental illnesses2) Recommendations should be guided by evidence3) DSM-V should maintain continuity with previous editions whenever possible4) No priori restraints should be placed on the level of change permittedbetween DSM-IV and DSM-VFrom these 4 principles, it becomes clearer to us why DSM-IV is being revised and what changes should be expected. One of t he changes is that in order to better assess the severity of symptoms, a dimensional assessment will be included. For example, other factors such as sleep quality, mood, etc will be considered regardless of the diagnosis. This will help to reduce the problem of mechanical approach as mentioned before. They will also help to address symptoms that are not included within the diagnostic criteria for specific illnesses (e.g. the problem of insomnia for patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia).DSM-V might also include something that could solve the problem of how to handle patients with co-occuring disorders, which is a major weakness of DSM-IV TR. Besides that, DSM-V will also have improved diagnostic criteria that are not precise in DSM-IV TR.Also, a few words would be changed as well in the new DSM. For example, the word Mental Retardation would be changed to Intellectual Disability. Another change that would also be included would somehow, indirectly address the problem of cultural bia s. In the new DSM, careful consideration would be given to the gender, race and ethnicity. This, I believe could help to lessen the severity of the cultural problem as mentioned before.Besides that, another proposal is that, the criteria should be more stringent for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children. This also addresses one of the weakness mentioned earlier. This is a very important proposal as I believe it is not very humane to misdiagnose children with Mental Disorders. It could affect their life significantly.Another major changes is in the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders. As mentioned before, a dimensional approach will be used rather than a categorical approach. This can help to determine the different severities of disorders and determine the subtypes more accurately. Overall, it would make the diagnosis much more accurate and thus, moreefficient treatment could be used.These changes were mainly in response to the weaknesses mentioned above. earl y(a) changes include creating a new stratum called Behavioural addiction. This category is solely based on gambling. Internet addiction was also proposed. However, due to the privation of research in that field, it was rejected. This shows that they somehow followed principle 2 which emphasizes on the importance of evidence. Another category called the Risk Syndromes is also being considered. This will help clinicians observe earlier stage of mental disorders. The category of substance abuse and dependence will be removed and it would be replaced by a new category called Addiction and Related Disorders. This is done to help clinicians distinguish between similar types of disorders more easily and lower the chance of misdiagnosis (e.g. dependence is often confused with absolute drug-seeking behaviour addiction). 8Another change is that the criteria for some eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa has been improved.Overall, the diagnostic criteria for many disorders has been imp roved and a dimensional approach is being used in DSM-V rather than the categorical approach used in the previous editions. All of these changes, together with many other minor ones, aim to improve the diagnosis process and thus, ensures that people are saved from misdiagnosis (which could lead to devastating effects) and so that they can receive better treatment which would increase their chances of being cured (if the disorder is curable).BibliographyBerman, J. (n.d.). intelligence the DSM-IV TR. Retrieved on 15th March, 2013, from http//www.ceuschool.com/librarydocs/SOC222.pdf Dombeck, M., Hoermann, S., Zupanick, E.C. (2011). Personality Disorders Problems with current diagnostic system. MentalHelp. Retrieved on fourteenth March, 2013, from http//www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=569 Flanagan, E., Davidson, L. & Strauss, J. (2007). Issues for DSM-V IncorporatingPatients Subjective Experiences. Am. J. Psychiatry, 164(3), 391 392. Kleinplatz, P.J., Moser. C. (2005). DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias An Argument for Removal. Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/MoserKleinplatz.htm Kronemyer, D. (2009). Phenomenological Psychology. Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//phenomenologicalpsychology.com/2009/06/how-can-dsm-iv-be-improved-as-it-transitions-to-dsm-v/ American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC. Bipolar Disorder in Children. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_in_children Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders DSM-5. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 14th March, 13 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 DSM-5 development Frequently Asked Questions. American Psychiatric Association.Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//www.dsm5.org/pages/default.aspx Rosenhan Experiment. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 14th March, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 22

Once we had put several blocks between us and the police precinct, we stopped in the shadows of a b be maple tree. Well, thank for the rescue not that I couldnt have done it myself, eventually, Damon said. And now, I think Im ready for a drink. Adieu, mes amis, he saluted us, and spun on his heel, disappearing into the night.Good riddance, Lexi muttered.What now? I asked.You heard the man. Lets go for a drink, she said, grinning, and put her arm in mine. I walked with Lexi, further it felt wrong, somehow, to be able to go on with my existence so casually sleep withing that the Sutherlands had been murdered, and it had been partly my doing. What would I tell Margaret? She deserved to experience some version of the truth, despite the fact that there would be no evaluator here. Creatures like the one who killed her family did not suffer consequences for their actions. Human lives were much shorter than vampire lives, but that didnt make them less valuable. In fact, it made their li ves more precious.So stupefy me up, she said, squeezing my arm and pulling me show up of my dark thoughts. Whats been going on since you left our fair city?I got married today, I said.Her eyes widened. directly I really do need a drink, she declared. Stefan Salvatore, you are going to be the death of me. I have heard of a lovely overb doddering place that gets its vodka straight from St. Petersburg and freezes it in a fancy little ice- nursing bottle.She prattled on, leading me through what I had thought was my city, but New York with Lexi was an entirely different animal. Whereas Id stuck to the shadows and can alleys, Lexi knew her way around glittering night support. Soon we came to what looked like an elegant private club. Thick red carpets covered every square inch of the floor, and gold, black, and red grace covered everything else, including a giant carving of a firebird that hung from the ceiling.A ma?tre d came up, and after one look at Lexi, ushered us over to the ar ound extravagant booth. It had velvet and cloth-of-gold pillows with far too many tassels to be perfectly comfortable. The strains of a piano filtered from the next room over, and I understood why shed chosen this bar Lexi always asked Hugo, a member of her vampire family in New Orleans, to play piano for her.Married? she said as soon as we were colonized in and she had ordered us something.The image of the Sutherlands bloody bodies scorched my vision for a moment.How did you know where we were, really? I asked, changing the subject. News didnt travel that tumultuous unless it was almost the war. It still should have gulln her at least a week to get from Louisiana to New York, whether by train or vampiric speed.I set one of my friends after Damon. I worried about you, she admitted, a sheepish look on her spunk. I know you can take business of yourself, but Damon is dangerous, Stefan, and I dont want anything to happen to you.The waiter came over with our drinks. As promised, the bottle was encased in a block of bluish ice with flowers and herbs press inside, as fresh as the day they were frozen. I couldnt help touching a fingertip to a blossom that was near the surface, and feeling the ridge of rime that disjunct it from my skin. A forgivings heat would have melted the ice. A vampires flesh was colder, kept in a similar state of perpetual frozen perfection.The waiter poured us each a shot in goblets carved from solid green malachite.I put my hand over hers. Thank you, Lexi. For everything youve done. I can never repay you.No, you cant, she said cheerfully. scarce you can start by telling me everything. As I said before married?So I told her about my discovery of Bridget and being inducted into the Sutherland household, and Damons insane plans. She giggled and gasped at every detail. I guess from an outsiders perspective, particularly a much older vampire, Damons machinations might seem mild in comparison.Oh, oh my God, she said, unable to stop laughi ng. A double wedding? You and Damon together? And no one ate the flower girl? She waved the waiter over for another bottle of vodka. Oh, how I wish I was there. Stefan I didnt even get you anything.I smiled, wishing I could right sit there and continue to watch her laugh. But I had to finish the tale.Are you sure it wasnt Damon? she asked quietly, when I told her of the Sutherlands murders.There are a lot of things I cant predict about him, I admitted. I had no idea he would actually follow me to the ends of the earth just to make my life miserable even after he murdered Callie. But Im verifying he had nothing to do with the slaying he was just as surprised as I was. And he has not been one to hide his monstrous acts. Besides, Margaret even believed him and apparently she has a sixth esthesis about these things, I said.New York City isnt exactly the ends of the earth, she said, but this time there was no vagary in her voice. But its an odd coincidence that some other monster would set his sights on the very same family that you did. It wasnt a coincidence at all.Lexis face went ashen as I recounted what the lawyer had said. A look I had never seen before on her crossed her pretty face dread.Describe him to me, she ordered.He was huge. Blond hair, blue eyes. He seemed older than time, I said, struggling to express the ancient menace I felt. Evil. Just pure darkness radiating out of him.Did he did he have an accent? she asked hesitantly, as if she already knew the answer.Yes. I thought it was just part of whatever he was. But it could have been shade or Russian. He said something about someone named Klaus?Lexi thumped the underside of the table with her fist and looked away.Who was it, Lexi? I demanded. I needed to know. If he was going to be my executioner, if he was the one who had murdered the Sutherlands, at the very least I would get to know who my enemy was.He mentioned Klaus? she asked, speaking more into her glass than to me. Everyone knows abou t him. He was one of the first vampires.A hush seemed to descend over the restaurant, and the gas lamps flickered. I clutched my glass of vodka.He is directly descended from Hell. Any piece of good, any sense of morality, anything at all that keeps you and me and even Damon from becoming a completely twisted, raving monster of pure evil none of that is in him. There is nothing human about him. He has minions, other old ones who do his bidding. No ones ever seen Klaus or at least lived to tell about itI digested this horrifying information, negligee my hands around my glass. This thing said we took Katherine.Lexi paled. If she was important to Klaus and he believes that you and your brother are responsible for what happened to her, youre in serious trouble.He mentioned a curse. Do you know what hes talking about?Lexi drummed her fingers against the table, her brow furrowing. Curse? Many vampires consider being confined to wander at night a curse, but I dont know what Katherine ha d to do with that.Do you think he did he turn her into a vampire? I asked.Thats irrelevant, Lexi said. Its doesnt matter how or why he cares about her just that he does. You have your own fate to worry about.I ran my hands through my hair, frustrated. Once again Katherine had found a way to insert herself into my life and create havoc. While I felt guilty about what had happened to Katherine, I still blamed her for destroying my family, for turning my life into the mess it was now.Katherine had been nothing but selfish. Shed toyed with me and Damon, when Damon put down in love with her and I well, was falling in lust with her, not once did she think about the possible dangers for us. That we would die, that our brotherhood would be severed irreparably, that her pose might eventually catch up to her, hell-bent on revenge.I have to get rid of him, I said.Lexi shook her head. Youre not getting rid of anything that old and powerful, my young stripling. Youre just a babe and on top o f that, your diet of rodents and birds hasnt exactly strengthened you. You and your brother working together couldnt defeat him. I couldnt take him on.Well, what do I do? I demanded, my voice taking on a hard, determined edge. I had just been letting everything that had come along in my life control me Damon and his stupid plans, getting married. It was time I acted.Lexi rubbed her temples. The best you can hope for right now is to figure out what his plans are and then avoid them. You will need to live long enough to figure out a way to vanquish this old one, before he has a chance to tell Klaus where you are.I nodded, thinking. We need to go back to the mansion.Lexi opened her mouth, but I put up my hand. I know but maybe he left something behind.Lexi squared her jaw. Ill go with you. My senses are more finely tuned than yours.You dont need finely tuned senses to catch the scent of Hell, I told her, but I appreciate the help.

Messages

Messages are all around us, and they are able to interpolate how victorious we are in life. The messages you receive from your environment dicta the way you act. For example, a study using children and dolls direct that messages are conveyed as yet in the early years of life. A different study showing how our air can have an affect on people. In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, The Absolutely lawful Dally of Part-Time Indian, demonstrates how messages can affect us.The mall character,Junior, has always lived by the conceive Idea that he was supposed to conform Like everyone else unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him and It affected the way he thought. If continued, his quality of life. He was always told that white people were above him. This affected how he saw them, he put them on a pedestal. This book shows that people are affected by their environment. The experiment conducted by CNN, The Doll Test, showed that messages even affect the young. It o pens our eyes to how well messages invader brains.They presumed thing round the dolls just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have n overwhelming bias toward white, and that black children also have a bias toward white but not nearly as strong as the bias shown by the white children. These messages will eventually grow and affect how they Judge others. A study by freakishness discussed the question, can you put a price on looks? It shows how subconscious feminism/fe virile entitlement is in our culture. stunning women have the most power with their looks.Also, the data in the study referred to how much extra income a male of a different skin color would need to make to be as appealing. There hidden messages in the subconscious of all our minds telling swath we want and dont want. This proves that messages are presumable to change how successful we are in life. Messages are all around us, and they are able to change how successful we are In life. Ultimately, m essages can effect our future success. Based on the assumptions of others we have different chances of success. Our environment, our development, and our phallic characteristics will effect how successful we are In life.Messages By dazed In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, The Absolutely True Dairy of Part-Time Indian, demonstrates how messages can affect us. The main character, Junior, has always lived by the preconceived idea that he was supposed to conform like everyone else. Unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him and it affected the thing about the dolls Just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have we want and dont want. This proves that messages are likely to change how our physical characteristics will effect how successful we are in life.

A Critique of Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring Essay

Different eyeshots of treat gave prove to the formulation of various nursing theories that contribute greatly to the advancement and evolution of the nursing profession as a whole. Some focalization on the curative nature of nursing, while others revolve around the genial and ethical aspect of the profession that complements conventional medicine. Among the latter is Dr. Jean Watsons Theory of Trans individualal affectionateness, which this paper attempts to see and evaluate using J. Fawcetts Frame take in of Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual homunculuss of Nursing.Dr. Watsons soulal views of nursing brought about the conception of the system in 1979, at the time when she was a professor of nursing at the University of Colorado. Her background in educational-clinical and social psychology influenced these views, along with her involvement in a nursing political platform that sought to establish a standard to nursing that transcends settings, populations, specialty, su bspecialty areas and so forth. It was an attempt to bring meaning and focus to nursing as an emerging discipline and distinct health profession with its own unique values, companionship and practices, with its own ethic and mission to society (Watson, 2006).Originally, Watsons possible action revolved around three study elements, namely the carative factors, the trans mortalal pity relationship, and the caring mo. She stated ten carative factors that served as authoriselines for the nursing practice and basically concentrate on on the principles of caring.The transpersonal caring relationship describes how the declare goes beyond an objective assessment, showing concerns toward the persons inherent and deeper meaning regarding their own health manage situation, while the caring moment is defined as the moment (focal point in space and time) when the nurse and another person come together in such(prenominal) a way that an occasion for military personnel caring is created (C ara, 2003).In this context, the four essential concepts of nursing person, purlieu, health, and nursing are encompassed in the theory. Being holistic in nature, the theory presents its framework as a crowd of all these concepts, centering on the person.Watson regards a person as an individual with unique qualities and unique needs. The person is recognized as a being cap competent of communicating with another beyond physical interaction. The person is viewed as whole and complete, regardless(prenominal) of illness of disease (Watson, 2006).The environment is regarded as a healing space, where the persons awareness and consciousness can expand and advance mind luggage compartmentspirit wholeness and healing (Watson, 1999). Inevitably, the state of a longanimous ofs environment can influence an individuals state of health. The physical environment can affect how the person can wed and exist in the spiritual environment created by transpersonal caring relationships, and could affect the effectiveness of the recognition of caring.Health is referred to as the unity and harmony within the mind, body and soul. It is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and functioning (Hagopian, 2007). The theory establishes that caring can promote a persons health better than the curative means of conventional medicine. Through caring, the care giver recognizes the condition of the recipient at a deeper level, enabling him/her to sympathize as needed, and provide the beguile care needed by the patient. With this means of understanding the patient better, there is greater chance of addressing the patients needs, creating the needed balance in his/her physical, mental, and social well-being.Watson defines nursing as a human science of persons and human health illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care legal proceeding (Watson, 1988). The theory also emphasizes caring as central to nu rsing, and is essentially what the theory wishes to achieve. Nursing is not meet about curing an illness or disease it is beyond that.It is about the nurse being able to center consciousness on the entire being of the other in order to detect his/her intragroup condition, and impart genuine concern through caring moments communicated through movements, gestures, facial expressions, procedures, information, touch, sound, verbal expressions and other scientific, technical, aesthetic, and human means of communication. The role of consciousness is deemed greatly important, because then the nurse exhibits commitment and sincere intention to connect with the patient at a deeper level, thus becoming an effective aid in nursing the patient back to health, physically, emotionally, and spiritually (Watson, 2006).As can be derived from what has been discussed, the theory is concerned with establishing nursing as a profession distinct from the curative nature of conventional medicine, to whi ch it has been originally strongly associated with the original role of the nurse being to primarily care for the patient as dictated and required by disease or illness. The theory places emphasis on the transcendent and healing quality of a caring relationship dual-lane by nurse and patient. It describes how transpersonal caring goes beyond physical reality and ventures into the spiritual, opening greater possibilities of healing and well-being, as opposed to disease-based medication and regard to patient.Watsons theory has guided nursing practices in different areas, including refilling centers, hospices, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. Watsons model proved to be socially significant, as well. It has served as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing practice, and has been described as philosophically congruent with contemporary global approaches to community health and health promotion (Rafael, 2000). However, this model can both live on to nursi ng activities that meet social expectations, and create expectations that require societal change.In this time when people estimate twice before trusting, nursing professionals may have to exert more conscious effort in making the connection and creating transpersonal caring relationships because beyond the hesitation, society expects the nursing community to be sympathetic, concerned, and genuinely caring of their patient. On the other hand, as transpersonal caring becomes increasingly successful in the improvement of the patients well-being, higher expectations of nurses are created. This may lead to society being increasingly dependent on nurses, and less on medical technology.The effectiveness of Watsons theory has been validated with its use as a guide in several studies centering on caring science. It has been recommended as a guide to nursing patients with high blood pressure, as one means of decreasing blood pressure and increase in quality of life, in a study made on its effectiveness on the quality of life and blood pressure of patients with hypertension in Turkey (Erci, Sayan, Tortumluoglu, Kilic, Sahin, & Gungormus, 2003). In another study on caring for old adults, it was established that the theory was effective in improving the quality of life and peace of mind, body, and soul of the older people, just by caring and listening attentively to what they have to say (Bernick, 2004).Through the years since the conception of the theory, Watsons work continues to evolve. In recent updates, she had offered the concept of clinical caritas processes over the original carative factors. It basically injects more spirituality and love into the framework. Such a perspective ironically places nursing within its most mature framework, consistent with the nightingale model of nursing, yet to be actualized, but awaiting its evolution within a caring-healing theory. This direction, ironically while engraft in theory, goes beyond theory and becomes a converging paradigm for nursings future (Watson, 2006).ReferencesBernick, L. (2004). Caring for older adults practice guided by Watsons caring-healing model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(2)128-34.Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watsons caring theory. International Journal of gentleman Caring, 7(3), 51-61.Erci, B., Sayan, A.,Tortumluoglu, G., Kilic, D., Sahin, O., & Gungormus Z. (2003). The effectiveness of Watsons Caring Model on the quality of life and blood pressure of patients with hypertension. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(2), 130139.Hagopian, G. (2007). Nursing theorists. Retrieved February 8, 2007 from www.nipissingu.ca/ expertness/arohap/aphome/NURS3006/Resources/theorists.pptRafael, AR. (2000). Watsons philosophy, science, and theory of human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing practice. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(2)34-49.Watson, J. (1988). Nursing Human science and human care. A theory of nursing (2nd printing). New York Natio nal League for Nursing.Watson, J. (1999). Postmodern nursing and beyond. Toronto, Canada Churchill Livingstone.Watson, J. (2006). Dr. Jean Watsons Theory of Human Caring. Retrieved February 8, 2007 from http//www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/evolution.asp